Endogenous retroviruses

Ca, Wilson

doi:10.1007/s00018-008-8498-z

Cited by 94 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 106 publications

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“…ERVs of pigs ( Sus scrofa ) have been widely and deeply analyzed due to their ability to infect human cells, which is a barrier to xenotransplantation, since immunosuppressed patients could be more sensible to an infection by porcine ERVs [23]. The infectious porcine ERVs belong to Class I (members of PERV γ1) and are classified into three subgroups depending on their env gene: PERV-A, -B and –C [24].…”

Section: Presence Of Ervs In Domestic Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endogenous Retroviruses in Domestic Animals

Garcia-Etxebarria

Sistiaga-Poveda

Jugo

2014

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Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are genomic elements that are present in a wide range of vertebrates. Although the study of ERVs has been carried out mainly in humans and model organisms, recently, domestic animals have become important, and some species have begun to be analyzed to gain further insight into ERVs. Due to the availability of complete genomes and the development of new computer tools, ERVs can now be analyzed from a genome-wide viewpoint. In addition, more experimental work is being carried out to analyze the distribution, expression and interplay of ERVs within a host genome. Cats, cattle, chicken, dogs, horses, pigs and sheep have been scrutinized in this manner, all of which are interesting species in health and economic terms. Furthermore, several studies have noted differences in the number of endogenous retroviruses and in the variability of these elements among different breeds, as well as their expression in different tissues and the effects of their locations, which, in some cases, are near genes. These findings suggest a complex, intriguing relationship between ERVs and host genomes. In this review, we summarize the most important in silico and experimental findings, discuss their implications and attempt to predict future directions for the study of these genomic elements.

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Section: Presence Of Ervs In Domestic Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endogenous Retroviruses in Domestic Animals

Garcia-Etxebarria

Sistiaga-Poveda

Jugo

2014

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“…24 However, due to the broad existence of PERV, complete elimination of PERV in pigs can be too difficult to achieve. Therefore, other solutions, 25,26 such as administration of antiretroviral protein reverse transcriptase/protease inhibitors ͑e.g., zidovudine͒, [27][28][29] and development of PERV vaccine and anti-PERV antibodies 30 are adopted to meet the needs.…”

Section: ͑1͒mentioning

confidence: 99%

Current development of bioreactors for extracorporeal bioartificial liver (Review)

et al. 2010

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The research and development of extracorporeal bioartificial liver is gaining pace in recent years with the introduction of a myriad of optimally designed bioreactors with the ability to maintain long-term viability and liver-specific functions of hepatocytes. The design considerations for bioartificial liver are not trivial; it needs to consider factors such as the types of cell to be cultured in the bioreactor, the bioreactor configuration, the magnitude of fluid-induced shear stress, nutrients' supply, and wastes' removal, and other relevant issues before the bioreactor is ready for testing. This review discusses the exciting development of bioartificial liver devices, particularly the various types of cell used in current reactor designs, the state-of-the-art culturing and cryopreservation techniques, and the comparison among many today's bioreactor configurations. This review will also discuss in depth the importance of maintaining optimal mass transfer of nutrients and oxygen partial pressure in the bioreactor system. Finally, this review will discuss the commercially available bioreactors that are currently undergoing preclinical and clinical trials.

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“…The pig has been considered a potential source animal for xenotransplantation materials because of the comparable sizes of human and porcine organs, the similar physiological parameters of the two species, the ease of breeding pigs and the significant phylogenetic distance between pigs and humans, which reduces the risk of transmission of viral infections. Porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) represent one of several types of viruses found in pigs that might be transmitted to humans through xenotransplantation [2,3,4,5,6,7]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses in Xenotransplantation—Molecular Aspects

Kimsa

Strzałka‐Mrozik

Kimsa

et al. 2014

Viruses

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In the context of the shortage of organs and other tissues for use in human transplantation, xenotransplantation procedures with material taken from pigs have come under increased consideration. However, there are unclear consequences of the potential transmission of porcine pathogens to humans. Of particular concern are porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs). Three subtypes of PERV have been identified, of which PERV-A and PERV-B have the ability to infect human cells in vitro. The PERV-C subtype does not show this ability but recombinant PERV-A/C forms have demonstrated infectivity in human cells. In view of the risk presented by these observations, the International Xenotransplantation Association recently indicated the existence of four strategies to prevent transmission of PERVs. This article focuses on the molecular aspects of PERV infection in xenotransplantation and reviews the techniques available for the detection of PERV DNA, RNA, reverse transcriptase activity and proteins, and anti-PERV antibodies to enable carrying out these recommendations. These methods could be used to evaluate the risk of PERV transmission in human recipients, enhance the effectiveness and reliability of monitoring procedures, and stimulate discussion on the development of improved, more sensitive methods for the detection of PERVs in the future.

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Endogenous retroviruses

Cited by 94 publications

References 106 publications

Endogenous Retroviruses in Domestic Animals

Endogenous Retroviruses in Domestic Animals

Current development of bioreactors for extracorporeal bioartificial liver (Review)

Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses in Xenotransplantation—Molecular Aspects

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