Endohedral fullerene production

Tellgmann, R.; Krawez, N.; Lin, Sen; Hertel, I. V.; Campbell, Eleanor E. B.

doi:10.1038/382407a0

Cited by 194 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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Section: ϫ and 4 He@c 60mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another technique for the preparation of endohedral fullerene compounds is that of ion implantation (the endohedral species is neutralized on implantation). Endohedral species containing lithium and other alkali metals [15][16][17], the noble gases, He and Ne [18], and nitrogen [19] have been produced by that method.Endohedral compounds of all the noble gases can be prepared by heating fullerenes under high noble gas pressure [1][2][3]20]. Initially, yields of incorporation were approximately 0.1% for He, Ne, Ar and Kr and 0.03% for Xe.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Direct detection and quantitation of He@C₆₀ by ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

Cooper

Hendrickson

Marshall

et al. 2002

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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In this paper, we report negative ion microelectrospray Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry of C 60 samples containing ϳ1% 3 He@C 60 or 4 He@C 60 . Resolving 3 He@C 60 Ϫ and 4 He@C 60 Ϫ from C 60 containing 3 or 4 13 C instead of 12 C atoms is technically challenging, because the target species are present in low relative abundance and are very close in mass. Nevertheless, we achieve baseline resolution of 3 He@C 60 Ϫ from 13 C 3 12 C 57 Ϫ and 4 He@C 60 Ϫ from 13 C 4 12 C 56 Ϫ in single-scan mass spectra obtained in broadband mode without preisolation of the ions of interest. The results constitute the first direct mass spectrometric observation of endohedral helium in a fullerene sample at this (low) level of incorporation. The results also demonstrate the feasibility of determining the extent of He incorporation from the FT-ICR mass spectral peak heights. The present measurements are in agreement with those obtained by the pyrolysis method [1][2][3]. Although limited in sensitivity, the mass spectral method is faster and easier than pyrolysis. [4]) were observed [5,6] soon after the discovery of buckminsterfullerene (C 60 ) [7]. Following the development of the Krätschmer-Huffman method for preparation of fullerenes [8] (an electrical discharge between graphite electrodes in the presence of 0.2 atm of He gas), Smalley and co-workers produced macroscopic quantities of endohedral metallofullerenes in laser vaporization experiments on graphite doped with metal salts [4]. Weiske et al. [9] observed helium within the fragments of C 60 ϩ following high-energy collisions between the cations and the noble gas. Shortly after, the full He@C 60 ϩ adduct was observed [10,11]. Endohedral neon and argon compounds have also been produced by that method [12][13][14]. Another technique for the preparation of endohedral fullerene compounds is that of ion implantation (the endohedral species is neutralized on implantation). Endohedral species containing lithium and other alkali metals [15][16][17], the noble gases, He and Ne [18], and nitrogen [19] have been produced by that method.Endohedral compounds of all the noble gases can be prepared by heating fullerenes under high noble gas pressure [1][2][3]20]. Initially, yields of incorporation were approximately 0.1% for He, Ne, Ar and Kr and 0.03% for Xe. Subsequent experiments showed that reiterations of the labeling procedure resulted in higher yields of incorporation (ϳ1%) [21]. 3 He@C 60 , an NMR-active molecule, has also been prepared by that method [21,22]. Recent results have shown that the presence of KCN catalyzes the incorporation of noble gas, giving higher yields of incorporation (ϳ1%) in a single labeling experiment [23]. It is also known that He is trapped inside fullerenes (at about 1 ppm of empty fullerene) prepared by the Krätschmer-Huffman procedure [1,8]. In a recent finding, it was shown that fullerenes extracted from the Allende and Murchison meteorites contained endohedral helium [24]. The 3 He/ 4 He ratio in those fullerenes ...

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Section: ϫ and 4 He@c 60mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct detection and quantitation of He@C₆₀ by ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

Cooper

Hendrickson

Marshall

et al. 2002

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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“…10a) ) and a pure ion-beam method (Fig. 10b) (Tellgmann et al 1996). However, the pure ion-beam means that ions are not neutralized, yielding only a smaller ion flux.…”

Section: Conventional Methods For Synthesizing Endohedral Fullerenesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanocarbon materials fabricated using plasmas

Hatakeyama

2017

Rev. Mod. Plasma Phys.

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Since the discovery of fullerenes more than three decades ago, new kinds of nanoscale materials of carbon allotropes called ''nanocarbons'' have so far been discovered or synthesized at successive intervals as cases such as carbon nanotubes, carbon nanohorns, graphene, carbon nanowalls, and a carbon nanobelt, while nanodiamonds were actually discovered before then. Their attractively excellent mechanical, physical, and chemical properties have driven researchers to continuously create one of the hottest frontiers in materials science and technology. While plasma states have often been involved in their discovery, on the other hand, plasma-based approaches to this exciting field originally hold promising and enormous potentials for advancing and expanding industrial/biomedical applications of nanocarbons of great diversity. This article provides an extensive overview on plasma-fabricated nanocarbon materials, where the term ''fabrication'' is defined as synthesis, functionalization, and assembly of devices to cover a wide range of issues associated with the step-by-step plasma processes. Specific attention has been paid to the comparative examination between plasma-based and non-plasma methods for fabricating the nanocarobons with an emphasis on the advantages of plasma processing, such as low-temperature/large-scale fabrication and diversitycarrying structure controllability. The review ends with current challenges and prospects including a ripple effect of the nanocarbon studies on the development of related novel nanomaterials such as transition metal dichalcogenides. It contains not only the latest progress in the field for cutting-edge scientists and engineers, but also the introductory guidance to non-specialists such as lower-class graduate students.& Rikizo Hatakeyama

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“…Encapsulating atoms or molecules [1][2][3] inside a C 60 has attracted attention for its scientific interest and practical applications. In the past several years, some work has been done on doping C 60 and C 82 using alkali, transition, and rareearth metals [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] because of their valence level structures, such as ns, ͑n −1͒d, and ͑n −2͒f, which may exhibit different spin configurations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electronic and magnetic properties of endohedrally doped fullerene Mn@C60: A total energy study

Sabirianov

Lü

et al. 2008

The Journal of Chemical Physics

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We perform total energy calculations on a manganese atom encapsulated inside a C 60 cage using density functional theory with the generalized gradient approximation through three optimization schemes and along four paths inside the cage. We find that when Mn is located in the central region, its electronic and magnetic properties are not exactly the same as those of a free Mn atom due to weak coupling between Mn and the cage. As Mn is shifted toward to the edge, the total energy and spin start to change significantly when Mn is situated about one-third of the way between the cage center and edge, and the total energy reaches a local minimum. Finally the interaction between Mn and the cage turns repulsive as Mn approaches the edge. We also find that, along the lowest energy path, there exist three consecutive local energy minima and each of these has a different spin M. The ground state has the lowest M = 3, Mn is located about 1.6 Å away from the cage center, and the binding energy is 0.08 eV. We attribute the decrease in total energy and spin to Mn and C hybridization.

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Endohedral fullerene production

Cited by 194 publications

References 16 publications

Direct detection and quantitation of He@C₆₀ by ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

Direct detection and quantitation of He@C₆₀ by ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

Nanocarbon materials fabricated using plasmas

Electronic and magnetic properties of endohedrally doped fullerene Mn@C60: A total energy study

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Endohedral fullerene production

Cited by 194 publications

References 16 publications

Direct detection and quantitation of He@C60 by ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

Direct detection and quantitation of He@C60 by ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

Nanocarbon materials fabricated using plasmas

Electronic and magnetic properties of endohedrally doped fullerene Mn@C60: A total energy study

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Direct detection and quantitation of He@C₆₀ by ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

Direct detection and quantitation of He@C₆₀ by ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry