Endometriosis of the Bartholin gland: a case report and review of the literature

Heijink, Tetske; Bogers, Hein; Steensma, Anneke B.

doi:10.1186/s13256-020-02424-7

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…While 263 patients (95.3%) had undergone previous episiotomy, obstetrical lacerations, whether repaired or not, perineal trauma or vaginal surgery or injury, only 13 patients (4.6%) developed spontaneous vulvo-vaginal endometriosis i.e., in the absence of the most frequently associated conditions (Table 3). Among the latter, lesions developed in the Bartholin gland in 6 cases (21,44,48,62,70,80). Previous history wasn't described for seven patients (40,45,47,74).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis and Treatment of Vulvo-Perineal Endometriosis: A Systematic Review

et al. 2021

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Objective: To describe the available knowledge on vulvo-perineal endometriosis including its diagnosis, clinical management and recurrence rate.Methods: We followed the PRISMA guidelines for Systematic Reviews and our study was prospectively registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020202441). The terms “Endometriosis” and “Perineum” or “Vulva” were used as keywords. Cochrane Library, Medline/Pubmed, Embase and Clinicaltrials.gov were searched. Papers in English, Spanish, Portuguese, French or Italian from inception to July 30, 2020 were considered. Reference lists of included articles and other literature source such as Google Scholar were also manually scrutinized in order to identify other relevant studies. Two independent reviewers screened potentially eligible studies according to inclusion criteria.Results: Out of 539 reports, 90 studies were eligible including a total of 283 patients. Their mean age was 32.7 ± 7.6 years. Two hundred sixty-three (95.3%) presenting with vulvo-perineal endometriosis have undergone either episiotomy, perineal trauma or vaginal injury or surgery. Only 13 patients (4.7%) developed vulvo-vaginal endometriosis spontaneously i.e., without any apparent condition favoring it. The reasons that motivated the patients to take medical advice were vulvo-perineal cyclical pain increasing during menstruations (98.2% of the patients, n = 278). Out of the 281 patients for whom a clinical examination was described, 274 patients (97.5%) showed a vulvo-perineal nodule, mass or swelling while six presented with bluish cutaneous lesions (2.1%) and 1 with bilateral polyps of the labia minora (0.4%). All but one patients underwent surgical excision of their lesions but only 88 patients (28.1%) received additional hormonal therapy. The recurrence rate was 10.2% (29 patients) considering a median follow-up period of 10 months (based on 61 studies).Conclusion: In conclusion, vulvo-perineal endometriosis is a rare entity with approximately 300 cases reported in the literature since 1923. With the available knowledge shown in this systematic review, we encourage all practitioners to think about perineal endometriosis in case of perineal cyclical pain with or without previous perineal damage. Diagnosis should be done with clinical exam, perineal ultrasound and pelvic MRI when available. In case of anal sphincter involvement, perianal ultrasound should be performed. Surgical excision of the lesion should be realized in order to remove the lesion and to confirm the diagnosis histologically. Hormonal treatment could be proposed to attempt to decrease the size of a large lesion before surgery or to avoid recurrence of the lesion. As evidence-based approach to the diagnosis, treatment and recurrence rate of affected patients remains a challenge given its low prevalence, the variations in management found in the articles included and the limited quality of available studies, we suggest that a prospective database on vulvo-perineal endometriosis should be generated to increase knowledge but also awareness among healthcare professionals and optimize patients' care.Systematic Review Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, identifier: CRD42020202441.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis and Treatment of Vulvo-Perineal Endometriosis: A Systematic Review

et al. 2021

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“…In most cases, patients presented with cyclical vulvar pain, and were initially thought to have a Bartholin gland cyst. In three reported cases, during marsupialization of what was thought to be a Bartholin cyst, chocolate colored fluid drained from the mass, and the diagnosis was confirmed by pathology [3,6,8]. In all reported cases, surgical excision was the management of choice.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Endometriosis of the vulva is extremely rare, often presenting as vulvodynia or dyspareunia. Very few cases have been reported in the literature, and in most of these case reports either concomitant pelvic disease is present or it is undetermined whether more extensive disease is present as laparoscopy was not performed [3][4][5][6]. In one systematic review, it was noted that 95.3% of patients presenting with vulvo-perineal endometriosis have undergone either episiotomy, perineal trauma, vaginal injury, or vaginal surgery [7].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A unique case of isolated vulvar endometriosis

Ali

Musselman

Smithgall

et al. 2022

J Case Rep Images Obstet Gynecol

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“…These cases were all of reproductive age. Cyclic vulvar pain or infertility was complained about in some of these patients[ 28 , 29 ]. Compared with these cases, our patient has been postmenopausal for several decades.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hemorrhagic Bartholin’s cyst in a woman using anti-platelet medication: A case report and review of the literature

Li,

Ding

2023

World J Clin Cases

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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive and neurodegenerative illness which results in alterations in cognitive development. It is characterized by loss/dysfunction of cholinergic neurons, and formation of amyloid plaques, and formation of neurofibrillary tangles, among other changes, due to hyperphosphorylation of tau-protein. Exposure to pesticides in humans occurs frequently due to contact with contaminated food, water, or particles. Organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids and neonicotinoids are associated with the most diagnosed incidents of severe cognitive impairment. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of these pesticides on the phosphorylation of tau protein, and its cognitive implications in the development of AD. It was found that exposure to pesticides increased the phosphorylation of tau protein at sites Ser198, Ser199, Ser202, Thr205, Ser396 and Ser404. Contact with these chemicals altered the enzymatic activities of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 and glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta, and protein phosphatase-2A. Moreover, it altered the expression of the microtubule associated protein tau gene, and changed levels of intracellular calcium. These changes affected tau protein phosphorylation and neuroinflammation, and also increased oxidative stress. In addition, the exposed subjects had poor level of performance in tests that involved evaluation of novelty, as test on verbal, non-verbal, spatial memory, attention, and problem-solving skills.

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Endometriosis of the Bartholin gland: a case report and review of the literature

Cited by 8 publications

References 11 publications

Diagnosis and Treatment of Vulvo-Perineal Endometriosis: A Systematic Review

Diagnosis and Treatment of Vulvo-Perineal Endometriosis: A Systematic Review

A unique case of isolated vulvar endometriosis

Hemorrhagic Bartholin’s cyst in a woman using anti-platelet medication: A case report and review of the literature

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