Endophthalmitis

Abstract

Endophthalmitis is a rare but severe form of ocular inflammation due to infection of the intraocular cavity that can lead to irreversible visual loss if not treated properly and timely. It can be classified as exogenous or endogenous based on the transmission route of the infectious source. Exogenous endophthalmitis occurs when infecting organisms gain entry into the eye via direct inoculation, while endogenous endophthalmitis occurs when infectious agents hematogenously spread into the eye from a distant focus of infection. The diagnosis of endophthalmitis depends mostly on the clinical findings on ophthalmological examination. Delayed diagnosis of endogenous endophthalmitis can lead to not only visual loss, but also increased risk of mortality. Since ocular and systemic symptoms of endophthalmitis are usually non-specific, early diagnosis relies on the alertness of clinicians. Early diagnosis and proper treatment are keys to saving the eye. Following advances in vitreoretinal pharmacotherapy and surgical technology, early surgical intervention is the current trend in the management of endophthalmitis.

Efficacy of Tamponade of Vitreal Cavity by Perfluororganic Compound Emulsion with Antibiotics Solutions in Treatment of Gram Negative Endopthalmitis (Experimental Study)

“…Ряд зарубежных авторов также описывает случаи возникновения эндофтальмита, вызванного Esche richia coli. В подавляющем большинстве случаев путь проникновения возбудителя -эндогенный и часто возникает у пациентов при наличии тяжелой сопутствующей патологии [11,12]. В любом случае, вне зависимости от причины возникновения эндофтальмита, лечащий врач начинает Нами предложен способ лечения эндофтальмита, включающий выполнение витрэктомии с тампонадой витреальной полости перфторорганическим соединением (ПФОС) (до 14 суток) и интравитреальным введением ванкомицина (1 мг) и цефтазидима (2,25 мг) в конце операции [13].…”

Endophthalmitis in Oslo, Norway

“…). The reported incidence of PCE ranges from 0.03% to 0.2% (Sheu ). In the last decennium, intravitreal injections of antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti‐VEGF) drugs have become the mainstay of treatment of neovascular age‐related macular degeneration (AMD).…”

Epidemiology and Mortality-Related Prognostic Factors in Endophthalmitis

“…Endogenous endophthalmitis is caused by the hematogenous dissemination of bacterial, fungal, or other pathogens that break through the blood-ocular barrier and inoculate the intraocular region. [1][2][3][4] Patients with a compromised immune system are at risk of endogenous endophthalmitis. Predisposing conditions include diabetes mellitus (DM), systemic malignancy (especially lymphoma/leukemia), endocarditis, sickle cell anemia, autoimmune disease, and human immunodeficiency virus infection/ acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS).…”

“…In Asia, infection of a liver abscess with Klebsiella species is the most common cause, accounting for 60% of all cases of endogenous endophthalmitis. 2,[4][5][6] Exogenous endophthalmitis represents a large proportion (approximately 90%) of endophthalmitis cases and refers to instances in which microorganisms directly invade the eye, such as after ocular surgery or a penetrating trauma or as an extension of a corneal ulcer. In terms of postoperative endophthalmitis, exogenous cases are subclassified based on the postoperative time of onset as acute onset (within 6 weeks), chronic onset (more than 6 weeks), or bleb associated (months or years).…”

“…In terms of postoperative endophthalmitis, exogenous cases are subclassified based on the postoperative time of onset as acute onset (within 6 weeks), chronic onset (more than 6 weeks), or bleb associated (months or years). 1,2,4,6 Exogenous endophthalmitis, especially postoperative endophthalmitis without systemic disease, may have a poor Copyright 2018 The Authors iovs.arvojournals.org j ISSN: 1552-5783 ophthalmic prognosis but will rarely lead to death. However, comorbidity with one of the systemic conditions described above, especially hematogenous endophthalmitis, can be lifethreatening.…”