Endophytes versus biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens—are fungal lifestyles evolutionarily stable traits?

Delaye, Luis; García‐Guzmán, Graciela; Heil, Martin

doi:10.1007/s13225-013-0240-y

Cited by 197 publications

(133 citation statements)

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“…Most of the ca. 100,000 described species of fungi are associated with plants through interactions including symbiosis, endophytism, saprotrophy and parasitism (Stajich et al 2009;Delaye et al 2013;Persoh 2013;Hyde et al 2013b). As plant parasites, fungi can cause significant economic loss with far-reaching social implications and consequences in agriculture, forestry and natural ecosystems (Fisher et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

One stop shop: backbones trees for important phytopathogenic genera: I (2014)

et al. 2014

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Many fungi are pathogenic on plants and cause significant damage in agriculture and forestry. They are also part of the natural ecosystem and may play a role in regulating plant numbers/density. Morphological identification and analysis of plant pathogenic fungi, while important, is often hampered by the scarcity of discriminatory taxonomic characters and the endophytic or inconspicuous nature of these fungi. Molecular (DNA sequence) data for plant pathogenic fungi have emerged as key information for diagnostic and classification studies, although hampered in part by non-standard laboratory practices and analytical methods. To facilitate current and future research, this study provides phylogenetic synopses for 25 groups of plant pathogenic fungi in the Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Mucormycotina (Fungi), and Oomycota, using recent molecular data, up-to-date names, and the latest taxonomic insights. Lineagespecific laboratory protocols together with advice on their application, as well as general observations, are also provided. We hope to maintain updated backbone trees of these fungal lineages over time and to publish them jointly as new data emerge. Researchers of plant pathogenic fungi not covered by the present study are invited to join this future effort. Bipolaris, Botryosphaeriaceae,

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

One stop shop: backbones trees for important phytopathogenic genera: I (2014)

et al. 2014

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“…Second, more endophytes were isolated from plants in the shade, which underlines the general similarity among endophytes and necrotrophic fungal pathogens rather than the biotrophic pathogens (Delaye et al 2013). However, strains isolated from necrotic tissue in the shade and from symptomless tissue in the sun were likewise were annotated as Phlebiopsis flavidoalba based on their ITS sequence, and strains isolated from a dark brown leaf spot surrounded by a chlorotic halo (which indicates a hemibiotroph) in the sun and from symptomless tissues from both shade and sun were equally annotated as Xylaria longipes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Besides pathogens, plants are also colonized by fungal endophytes, which grow in the intercellular spaces without causing symptoms of disease. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that endophytes are genetically more closely related to necrotrophs, rather than biotrophs (Delaye et al 2013), but it remains unknown how the host ranges of endophytes are determined and how endophytes are kept in the non-symptomatic stage.…”

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confidence: 99%

Light environment affects the levels of resistance hormones in <em>Syngonium podophyllum</em> leaves and its attack by herbivores and fungi

García‐Guzmán¹,

Domínguez-Velázquez²,

Mendiola-Soto³

et al. 2017

Bot. Sci.

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Background: Little is known on factors determining infection of tropical plants by fungal pathogens, although multiple studies on model species show that light conditions affect the two major hormones that control resistance in plants to enemies. This is the first study using a natural population of a wild tropical plant to relate light conditions to resistance hormones and, the beneficial and detrimental interactions with insects and fungi. Hypothesis: Light conditions affect the endogenous levels of resistance hormones and thereby cause quantitative shifts among herbivores and nectrotrophic, biotrophic and endophytic fungi. Studied species: The tropical vine Syngonium podophyllum. Study site: Los Tuxtlas tropical rain forest, Mexico. Methods: We used GC-MS to quantify the concentration of the two resistance hormones in intact leaves and natural levels of herbivory and fungal disease in S. podophyllum plants growing naturally in the full sun or in the shade. Results: The proportion of leaves damaged by herbivores or infected by hemibiotrophic or necrotrophic pathogens was higher in shade than under full-light conditions. Damage caused by biotrophic pathogens was frequently observed in sun but not in shade. Levels of both hormones in phenotypically healthy leaves were higher in sun than in shade. Conclusions: (i) light has an effect on concentrations of plant resistance hormones in nature; (ii) these differences have consequences for fungi and animals that naturally interact with the plant, and (iii) the described effect can represent a physiological mechanism via which an abiotic factor affects the members of the guilds at higher trophic levels. Key Words: biotroph, fungal pathogen, endophyte, herbivore, hormone crosstalk, ITS5, jasmonic acid, necrotroph, resistance, salicylic acid Resumen Antecedentes: Poco se sabe sobre los factores que determinan la infección de plantas tropicales por patóge-nos, pero varios estudios con especies modelo muestran que las condiciones lumínicas afectan a las hormonas que controlan la resistencia de las plantas contra sus enemigos. Este es el primer estudio que analiza como las condiciones lumínicas afectan a las hormonas de resistencia y sus interacciones con insectos y hongos en una población silvestre. Hipótesis: Las condiciones lumínicas afectan los niveles endógenos de las hormonas de resistencia y por lo tanto afectan la incidencia de herbívoros y patógenos necrótrofos, biótrofos y endófitos. Especie estudiada: Syngonium podophyllum. Sitio de estudio: Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, México. Métodos: Se utilizó GC-MS para cuantificar la concentración de hormonas de resistencia en hojas sanas y se evaluaron los niveles de daño por herbívoros y hongos patógenos en plantas de sol y sombra. Resultados: La proporción de hojas dañadas por herbívoros o infectadas por patógenos hemibiótrofos o necró-trofos fue mayor en la sombra que en luz. El daño causado por patógenos biótrofos se detectó en sol pero no en sombra. Los niveles de las hormonas de resistencia fueron más altos en sol ...

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“…The presence of endophytes can enhance resistance to pathogens [19,21] and beneficial microbes in the roots can improve induced resistance through priming [22]. However, during coevolution, endophytes can switch multiple times between a mutualistic and a pathogenic/ parasitic lifestyle on their host [23]. Pests and pathogens thus coevolve with their host species mutually exerting and adapting to the other selection pressures.…”

Section: A Battle On Unequal Terms?mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Natural Evolutionary Potential of Tree Populations to Cope with Newly Introduced Pests and Pathogens—Lessons Learned From Forest Health Catastrophes in Recent Decades

et al. 2016

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Emerging diseases often originate from host shifts of introduced pests or pathogens. Genetic resistance of the host to such diseases might be limited or absent due to the lack of coevolutionary history. We review six examples of major disease outbreaks on native tree species caused by different introduced pests and pathogens that led to large ecological and economical losses. In all six cases, high tree mortality was observed in natural populations with some surviving individuals exhibiting varying levels of genetic resistance. The abundance and distribution of resistant individuals and the heritability of resistance traits varies substantially among the cases. While chestnut blight wilt combined with ink disease has virtually eliminated mature Castanea dentata trees from North America, other severe emerging diseases, such as the ash dieback, have left many surviving trees and genetic variation in resistance to such diseases has been documented. We argue that the evolutionary potential of tree species to respond to new emerging diseases should not be underestimated. However, the risk of increased levels of inbreeding and loss of genetic diversity caused by low population sizes is a major concern. Maintenance of broad genetic diversity is an important issue in conservation and forestry management. We expect that future research targeting the genetic background of biotic resistance towards emerging diseases and the role of endophytic communities in protecting trees will facilitate the informed and science-based guidance required to manage and maintain forests with high resilience. International cooperation on limiting disease spread and the provision of early invasive pest or pathogen detection systems are essential.

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Endophytes versus biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens—are fungal lifestyles evolutionarily stable traits?

Cited by 197 publications

References 115 publications

One stop shop: backbones trees for important phytopathogenic genera: I (2014)

One stop shop: backbones trees for important phytopathogenic genera: I (2014)

Light environment affects the levels of resistance hormones in <em>Syngonium podophyllum</em> leaves and its attack by herbivores and fungi

The Natural Evolutionary Potential of Tree Populations to Cope with Newly Introduced Pests and Pathogens—Lessons Learned From Forest Health Catastrophes in Recent Decades

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