Endoscopic and virological observations on respiratory disease in a group of young Thoroughbred horses in training

Burrell, M. H.

doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.1985.tb02059.x

Cited by 106 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…An unguarded wiremounted gauze swab was collected from the nasopharynx, and clotted blood was collected for viral serology immediately after exercise. An endoscopic examination of the trachea to the level of the carina was then performed (7,32), with a tracheal wash sample being collected transendoscopically by instilling 30 ml of sterile phosphate-buffered saline into the distal trachea and then immediately aspirating it.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between Respiratory Disease and Bacterial and Viral Infections in British Racehorses

et al. 2005

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Respiratory disease is important in horses, particularly in young Thoroughbred racehorses, and inflammation that is detected in the trachea and bronchi (termed inflammatory airway disease [IAD]) is more significant in this population in terms of impact and frequency than other presentations of respiratory disease. IAD, which is characterized by neutrophilic inflammation, mild clinical signs, and accumulation of mucus in the trachea, may be multifactorial, possibly involving infections and environmental and immunological factors, and its etiology remains unclear. This 3-year longitudinal study of young Thoroughbred racehorses was undertaken to characterize the associations of IAD and nasal discharge with viral and bacterial infections. IAD was statistically associated with tracheal infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae (capsule type 3), Streptococcus zooepidemicus, Actinobacillus spp., and Mycoplasma equirhinis and equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 infections, after adjustment for variation between training yards, seasons, and age groups. The association with S. pneumoniae and S. zooepidemicus was independent of prior viral infection and, critically, was dependent on the numbers of organisms isolated. S. pneumoniae was significant only in horses that were 2 years old or younger. The prevalence and incidence of IAD, S. zooepidemicus, and S. pneumoniae decreased in parallel with age, consistent with increased disease resistance, perhaps by the acquisition of immunity. The study provided evidence for S. zooepidemicus and S. pneumoniae playing an important etiological role in the pathogenesis of IAD in young horses.Respiratory disease is common in racehorses in training (10,15,29), as it is in most young domestic animals species. Both the incidence and prevalence of respiratory disease in racehorses vary widely between yards and between years (38, 46, 58), but the reasons underlying this variation, including the causes of the disease, are not defined.Inflammatory lower airway disease (IAD), which is usually associated with increased amounts of mucus visible in the trachea after exercise and increased proportions of inflammatory cells (44), is common in young racehorses around the world, despite marked differences in management and climate. Clinical signs associated with IAD include coughing (10, 16) and poor performance in racing (30,37,44,45). IAD is considerably more common than signs of upper respiratory disease and in young racehorses has a mean monthly prevalence of around 12% and an incidence of around 10 cases/100 horses/month (10, 58). The mean duration of each incident is around 8 weeks, and the disease is often recurrent in individuals. The monthly prevalence and incidence of signs of upper respiratory disease are around 5% and 5 cases/100 horses/month (10, 38, 58).The etiology and pathogenesis of IAD are poorly defined, but the etiology is probably multifactorial (10, 44). Studies focusing on individual agents suggest the possible involvement of viral infection (59), bacterial infection (10,14,16,42,43,56), and...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between Respiratory Disease and Bacterial and Viral Infections in British Racehorses

et al. 2005

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“…[13][14][15] In contrast, horses with IAD based on analysis of BALF cytology can have multiple specks of mucus along the length of the trachea, a pool of mucus at the thoracic inlet, or a continuous stream of variable width. 16,17 Excessive airway mucus is common in racehorses around the world with the highest prevalence observed in yearlings and 2-year-old horses and decreasing in frequency with increasing age. 3,18,19 Mucus accumulation is detected more frequently by endoscopy shortly after exercise.…”

Section: Clinical Signsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3,18,19 Mucus accumulation is detected more frequently by endoscopy shortly after exercise. 16 Nonracehorses of all ages can have IAD. [20][21][22] Excessive tracheal mucus appears to be more common in older pleasure horses, unlike in racehorses, but prevalence data in older horses according to the IAD consensus definition are lacking.…”

Section: Clinical Signsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflammatory Airway Disease of Horses

Couëtil

Hoffman

Hodgson

et al. 2007

Veterinary Internal Medicne

175

156

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“…Its prevalence varies according to the exercise intensity and diagnosis method. In racehorses, the occurrence of EIPH varies from 15 to 75% [3, 7, 33] and can reach 90% of animals [21]. In polo ponies, prevalences of 46% [25] and 34.09% [27] have been reported.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage and inflammatory airway disease in polo ponies

Silva

Otaka

Gonçalves

et al. 2017

JES

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The respiratory system is essential for health and high athletic performance in horses. Respiratory diseases have been recognized as having a major impact on training equine animals and are commonly cited as the second most common cause of wasted training time. Inflammatory airway disease (IAD) is an important cause of poor performance in young racehorses. Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) is considered a major issue for the equine industry because of its high prevalence and association with reduced athletic performance. In Brazil, polo is a growing equestrian sport, but studies on it are still scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of EIPH, the association between EIPH and IAD, and EIPH influence on the tracheal cytological profile of polo ponies. Thirty-seven horses regularly used for polo were included in this study. Endoscopic examination was performed every 30 to 90 min after practice, and tracheal lavage was performed after 18 to 24 hr. Sixteen animals (43.2%) presented a score of 0 for mucus in endoscopy; twelve animals (32.4%) presented a score for 1 and nine animals (24.3%) presented score 2 of mucus. IAD was characterized by tracheal cytology in 12 animals (32.4%). The occurrence of EIPH in this study was 29.7% (11/37). No significant difference was found in the cell types in tracheal cytology when EIPH-positive and EIPH-negative horses were compared. Polo ponies are affected by IAD and EIPH in relevant proportions, but there was no association between EIPH and tracheal cytological profile.

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Endoscopic and virological observations on respiratory disease in a group of young Thoroughbred horses in training

Cited by 106 publications

References 7 publications

Association between Respiratory Disease and Bacterial and Viral Infections in British Racehorses

Association between Respiratory Disease and Bacterial and Viral Infections in British Racehorses

Inflammatory Airway Disease of Horses

Association between exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage and inflammatory airway disease in polo ponies

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