Endoscopic Imaging Technology Today

Abstract

One of the most applied imaging methods in medicine is endoscopy. A highly specialized image modality has been developed since the first modern endoscope, the “Lichtleiter” of Bozzini was introduced in the early 19th century. Multiple medical disciplines use endoscopy for diagnostics or to visualize and support therapeutic procedures. Therefore, the shapes, functionalities, handling concepts, and the integrated and surrounding technology of endoscopic systems were adapted to meet these dedicated medical application requirements. This survey gives an overview of modern endoscopic technology’s state of the art. Therefore, the portfolio of several manufacturers with commercially available products on the market was screened and summarized. Additionally, some trends for upcoming developments were collected.

Toward Bionic Arthroscopy: A Comprehensive Perspective of Continuum Robotics Principles and Prototypes for the Inception of Arthroscopic Surgery Robots

“…Among these sensing methods, due to the 3D sensing requirements, real‐time constraints, and volume limitations (5 mm outer diameter) of arthroscopic robots, [ 18 ] the application of 2D sensors, magnetic flux sensors, and microfluidic multiaxis force sensors is limited. FBG sensors, in contrast, are a feasible solution for arthroscopic continuum robots due to their high real‐time capability, ability to sense 3D curvature, and their small diameter in the sub‐millimeter range.…”

“…It is most commonly performed on the knee joint, [ 4 ] shoulder joint, [ 5 ] elbow joint, [ 6,7 ] wrist joint, [ 8,9 ] ankle joint, [ 10–13 ] finger joints, [ 5,14,15 ] or hip joint. [ 16–18 ] Endoscopic science began with the Lichtleiter developed by Phillip Bozzini (1779–1809) in 1806, but it wasn't until 1912 that the endoscope was used in joints, proposed by Severin Nordentoft (1866–1922). [ 17 ] Arthroscopy is a mature minimally invasive surgery for diagnosing and treating joint diseases and injuries, such as knee arthroscopy, which costs the global healthcare system over 15 billion dollars annually.…”

The Current State of Visualization Techniques in Endoscopic Skull Base Surgery

“…In addition to brightness, resolution is important for generating precise images during surgery. Currently, endoscopes are available in high definition (HD) (1280 × 720 pixels), full HD (1920 × 1080 pixels), and ultra-HD/4K resolution (3840 × 2160 pixels) with the aim of enhancing the visualization of anatomic structures [ 19 ]. Additional resolution could be valuable when evaluating detailed anatomy, such as the tumor-tissue interface or intradural features.…”

Current and Future Sustainability Traits of Digestive Endoscopy

“… Gastroenterology (digestive endoscopy);  Orthopaedic surgery (arthroscopy);  Pulmonology and thoracic surgery (bronchoscopy and mediastinoscopy);  Urology (cystoscopy and urethroscopy);  Gynaecology (hysteroscopy);  Various types of surgery (laparoscopy);  Otolaryngology (laryngoscopy) [15].…”