Endoscopic Treatment of Acute Cauda Equina Syndrome: Case Series

Abstract

Cauda Equina Syndrome (CES) is a severe neurological emergency resulting from the compression of the lumbosacral nerve roots, potentially causing motor and sensory deficits, as well as sphincter dysfunctions. Early surgical intervention is essential to prevent permanent neurological sequelae. Traditionally, open laminectomy has been the treatment of choice for decompression. Still, minimally invasive techniques, such as endoscopic discectomy, are gaining popularity due to lower morbidity, smaller incisions, and faster recovery. This study reports three cases of patients with CES treated with endoscopic discectomy. Two cases were caused by a large, extruded disc herniation and one by an intracanal facet cyst. Pain intensity was assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and functional disability was measured with the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) in the preoperative period and at follow-ups of 1, 6, and 12 months. All three patients showed significant improvement in symptoms, with pain reduction and functional improvement. At 12 months, the patients maintained their functional and neurological recovery without reported complications. The endoscopic technique proved to be a safe and effective method for treating CES in these cases, offering early recovery and fewer postoperative complications. Future studies with larger populations are needed to validate these findings. Level of Evidence IV; Case Report.