A PFUDD may be considered as complex if it is associated with a PBBF, urethrorectal or urethrocutaneous fistula, urinoma cavity, or bladder neck incompetence. Complete excision of a PBBF usually requires a perineoretropubic approach. The initial trauma-related urethrorectal fistula usually opens into the prostatic urethra and its repair requires an abdominal approach, whereas an iatrogenic rectal fistula usually opens into the proximal bulbar urethra and can be resolved by a relatively simple perineal operation. Excision of a urinoma cavity or urethrocutaneous fistula can usually be accomplished from the perineum, while repair of a bladder neck incompetence requires an abdominal approach.