Endosperm Structure of White-Belly and White-Core Rice Grains Shown by Scanning Electron Microscopy

Xi, Min; Zhang, Lin; Zhang, Xincheng; Liu, Zhenghui; Li, Ganghua; Qiangsheng, Wang; Wang, Shaohua

doi:10.1626/pps.17.285

Cited by 50 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Within the endosperm, formation of chalky tissues is considered as related to insufficient vascular supply of metabolites such as sucrose, perturbation of growing of starch granules in amyloplast or interruption in starch biosynthesis . Similarly, SEM images of this study show the incomplete development of starch granules in the chalky parts, and analysis of amylopectin structure demonstrates that impaired synthesis of long chains occurs in the chalky parts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Chalky part differs in chemical composition from translucent part of japonica rice grains as revealed by a notched‐belly mutant with white‐belly

et al. 2016

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BACKGROUNDChalkiness has a deleterious influence on rice appearance and milling quality. We identified a notched‐belly mutant with a high percentage of white‐belly, and thereby developed a novel comparison system that can minimize the influence of genetic background and growing conditions. Using this mutant, we examined the differences in chemical composition between chalky and translucent endosperm, with the aim of exploring relations between occurrence of chalkiness and accumulation of starch, protein and minerals.RESULTSComparisons showed a significant effect of chalkiness on chemical components in the endosperm. In general, occurrence of chalkiness resulted in higher total starch concentration and lower concentrations of the majority of the amino acids measured. Chalkiness also had a positive effect on the concentrations of As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Mn, Na, Sr and V, but was negatively correlated with those of B, Ca, Cu, Fe and Ni. By contrast, no significant chalkiness effect on P, phytic acid‐P, K, Mg or Zn was observed. In addition, substantial influence of the embryo on endosperm composition was detected, with the embryo showing a negative effect on total protein, amino acids such as Arg, His, Leu, Lys, Phe and Tyr, and all the 17 minerals measured, excluding Ca, Cu, P and Sr.CONCLUSIONAn inverse relation between starch and protein as well as amino acids was found with respect to chalkiness occurrence. Phytic acid and its colocalized elements K and Mg were not affected by chalkiness. The embryo exerted a marked influence on chemical components of the endosperm, in particular minerals, suggesting the necessity of examining the role of the embryo in chalkiness formation. © 2016 The Authors. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Chalky part differs in chemical composition from translucent part of japonica rice grains as revealed by a notched‐belly mutant with white‐belly

et al. 2016

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“…Rice endosperm plays an important role in the observation of accumulated structures of amyloplasts, starch granules, and protein bodies [11]. Rice grain starch granules are the smallest starch granules among the grain of plants and average from 3 to 8 µm in size [35].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In our study, normal accumulation of amyloplasts and starch granules were found in Attai-1, Shishambagh-14, and Zodrass varieties; however, Jalalabad-14 displayed enhanced protein bodies and their traces in the endosperm. Protein accounts for about 8% of the endosperm in rice grain and fills the space between starch granules and amyloplasts [11]. Such protein bodies are the main form of endosperm protein and vary from 0.5 to 4 µm in size, and are spherical in shape [37][38][39].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The morphology of starch granules and their physicochemical properties have counteractive effects on each other and contribute to the functional properties of starches [10]. Therefore, morphological observation is conducting to explore information regarding morphostructural and accumulation synthesis of amyloplasts, starch granules, and protein bodies [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Morphological Observation and Correlation of Growth and Yield Characteristics with Grain Quality and Antioxidant Activities in Exotic Rice Varieties of Afghanistan

et al. 2019

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Rice is an important staple food for Afghans. Its production has been increased, and attention is needed to improve grain quality. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the growth, yield, physicochemical properties, antioxidant activity, and morphological structures of four exotic rice varieties widely grown in Afghanistan (Attai-1, Jalalabad-14, Shishambagh-14, and Zodrass). Antioxidant activities, including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS), of rice grain were determined. A scanning electron microscopic observation was conducted on the cross-cut section of dehulled rice grains. The results showed a wide variation among four rice varieties for growth, grain yield, physicochemical properties, antioxidant activities, and morphology. Tiller and panicle number per hill, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, and antioxidant activities were found to be highest in Jalalabad-14. Attai-1 showed lower amylose, protein, and lipid contents with a high number of perfect grains, consequently enhanced taste point (score of quality). Grain yield, protein, and amylose contents showed a negative correlation with antioxidant activities. Accumulated structures in Attai-1, Shishambagh-14, and Zodrass were normal; however, Jalalabad-14 increased protein bodies and its traces in the amyloplasts. Information on yield potential, grain quality, and nutritional value of these exotic rice varieties may useful for sustainable food provision and nutritional improvement of rice in Afghanistan.

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“…Chalk is an unfavorable characteristic for rice grain performance that directly lowers the consumers’ purchasing desire and rice's economic value (Fitzgerald et al, 2009). According to the studies of morphology (Ishimaru et al, 2009; Xi et al, 2014), chalk is a white opaque area created by loose packing of the starch granules in the rice grain. Numerous studies on chalk have been performed in past decades, and they confirmed that chalk occurrence tended to increase greatly under high temperature (Tashiro and Wardlaw, 1991; Cooper et al, 2008; Tsukaguchi and Iida, 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Nitrogen Fertilizer at Heading Stage Improves Rice Quality under Elevated Temperature during Grain‐Filling Stage

Dou

Tang

et al. 2017

Crop Science

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Abbreviations: CK, no warming without nitrogen fertilizer at heading stage; CK+N, no warming with N fertilizer at heading stage; DP, degree of polymerization; ET, elevated temperature without nitrogen fertilizer at heading stage; ET+N, elevated temperature with nitrogen fertilizer at heading stage; FATE, free-air temperature enhancement; IS, inferior spikelet; NFHS, nitrogen fertilizer at heading stage; RVA, rapid viscosity analyzer; SEM, scanning electron microscopy; SS, superior spikelet; T max , the time to reach a maximum grain-filling rate.

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Endosperm Structure of White-Belly and White-Core Rice Grains Shown by Scanning Electron Microscopy

Cited by 50 publications

References 16 publications

Chalky part differs in chemical composition from translucent part of japonica rice grains as revealed by a notched‐belly mutant with white‐belly

Chalky part differs in chemical composition from translucent part of japonica rice grains as revealed by a notched‐belly mutant with white‐belly

Morphological Observation and Correlation of Growth and Yield Characteristics with Grain Quality and Antioxidant Activities in Exotic Rice Varieties of Afghanistan

Application of Nitrogen Fertilizer at Heading Stage Improves Rice Quality under Elevated Temperature during Grain‐Filling Stage

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