Endothelial Dysfunction and Hypertension

Abstract

In the past, endothelium was thought to be only a mechanical barrier. Today, endothelium is known to be a tissue regulating vascular tone, cell growth and the interaction between the leukocytes, thrombocytes and the vessel wall. It also synthesizes growth factors and thrombo-regulatory molecules and responds to physical and chemical signals. Even though the term "endothelial dysfunction" is generally used for deterioration of endothelium-dependent vasodilatation; the term also includes the abnormalities between endothelium and leukocytes, thrombocytes and regulatory molecules and conditions resulting in aberrant endothelium activation. Healthy endothelium is essential for cardiovascular control. Thus, it plays an important role in pathogenesis of many diseases and cardiovascular problems such as atherosclerosis, systemic and pulmonary hypertension, cardiomyopathies and vasculitides. The aim of this chapter is to explain endothelial dysfunction and the circulating molecules of endothelial cells as they become potential targets of therapeutic approach for hypertension. This chapter reviews the roles of endothelial dysfunction in hypertension by addressing (1) the nature of endothelial function, (2) mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction and its relationship with the diseases (3) also endothelial function testing (4) the role of endothelial dysfunction and hypertension and (4) the effects of antihypertensive therapeutic options on the endothelial dysfunction. In addition to these, the role of endothelial dysfunction in white coat hypertension has been discussed. The key connections between hypertension and endothelial dysfunction are vitally important for future studies to permit new interventions to be designed and released.

Relationship between thyroid function and elevated blood pressure in euthyroid adults

“…However, Itterman et al suggested that the effect of variation in THs levels on BP is only a direct, short‐term effect, since only associations with current and not incident hypertension were found in their study . Thirdly, Poplawska‐Kita A et al suggested that both subclinical and overt hyperthyroidism are related to endothelial dysfunction, which plays an important role in pathogenesis of high BP . Furthermore, a previous study also showed that thyroid function was intrinsically linked to variables of endothelial function in healthy euthyroid subjects .…”

“…Increased peripheral vascular resistance and low cardiac output have been suggested to be the possible link between hypothyroidism and diastolic hypertension . Moreover, overt and subclinical hypothyroidism were also related to endothelial dysfunction, which was considered as a cause of high BP . Alibaz Oner, et al found that L‐thyroxin therapy can improve endothelial functions in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism.…”

Early or late pregnancy loss and development of clinical cardiovascular disease risk factors: a prospective cohort study

“…Endothelial dysfunction has been reported in women with abnormal placentation, including women with history of preeclampsia or spontaneous pregnancy loss,(19) and is also associated with higher risk of hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia. (29) Likewise, chronic systemic inflammation has been linked to both recurrent pregnancy loss and the development of clinical CVD risk factors. (30) Evidence suggests that endocrine disorders, like impaired glucose tolerance and PCOS, are associated with higher risk of spontaneous pregnancy loss,(31, 32) T2D, and dyslipidemia.…”

The Vascular Consequences of Metabolic Syndrome: Rodent Models, Endothelial Dysfunction, and Current Therapies

“…Endothelial dysfunction has been demonstrated in most animal models of hypertension including spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), angiotensin II-induced hypertension, Dahl salt-sensitive rats, and the two-kidney one-clip model (Stankevicius et al, 2002;Yang et al, 2004;Michel et al, 2008). A sustained elevation of blood pressure is linked with decreased levels of NO and increased vascular ROS (Konukoglu and Uzun, 2017). Oxidative stress plays a major role in the pathophysiology of hypertension-induced endothelial dysfunction.…”