Endothelial Reprogramming in Sports Traumatology: Role of the Widespread Neuro-Immuno-Endocrine-Endothelial System

Abstract

This paper deals with the role of the widespread neuro-immuno-endocrine-endothelial system in sport traumatology. The aim of this work is to see if sport or regular physical activity is able to reprogram the endothelium, to advance the new concept of neuro-immuno-endocrine-endothelial diffused system, and to introduce in the practice of sport medicine a new test in the fields of “Athlete functional evaluation” and “Sports fitness”. The first object of this paper is to see whether sport or regular physical activity can change the functional structure of the endothelium. The second goal is to frame under a general view the knowledge and individual lines of research on endothelium, to highlight what we believe is, in the organization of homeostasis, the location of this ‘organ’, namely in the neuro-immune-endocrine system spread.

Is It Possible to Train the Endothelium?—A Narrative Literature Review

“…Physical training helps to maintain endothelial function and provides a robust protective effect against endothelial damage [4][5][6][7][8]. The benefits of exercise on endothelial function may be related to direct hemodynamic effects or secondary effects, such as the modification of risk factors [9]. Skeletal muscle consumes more oxygen and energy during physical exercise, which affects the heart rate, myocardial contractility, arterial pressure, blood flow, and vasodilation, which is dependent on the endothelium and affects the regulation of energy and oxygen demand [10].…”