Endotoxin and Bacteria in Portal Blood

Jacob, Allan I.; Goldberg, Philip; Bloom, Norman D.; Degenshein, George A.; Kozinn, Philip J.

doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(77)80025-5

Cited by 348 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…While both naive and memory cells may exist among the IHL, the high expression of CD69 on all subsets implies that these cells are being continuously subjected to activating signals. These might arise because (1) the liver is exposed to a continuous flux of non-self antigens from the intestine in the form of digestion products, or (2) that the liver is exposed to endotoxin, which is present constitutively in the portal vein [27]. This issue is difficult to approach in the human, where endotoxin-free and antigen-free conditions do not occur; however, the specific issue of the contribution of endotoxin to CD69 expression could be addressed in the mouse, where natural mutant and gene-targeted animals exist lacking the endotoxin receptor.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The activation state of human intrahepatic lymphocytes

Bozorgzadeh

Crispe

et al. 2007

Clinical and Experimental Immunology

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SummaryThe immune tolerance induced by the liver as an allograft is difficult to reconcile with the evidence that the liver selectively accumulates activated T cells from the circulation. However, much of this information is based on murine liver lymphocytes that were isolated using enzymatic digestion. In the present study we made use of a novel resource, the lymphocytes isolated during the perfusion of living donor liver lobe prior to transplantation. These healthy human liver lymphocytes displayed surface markers indicating a high degree of activation of natural killer cells, CD56+ T cells, CD4 + T cells and CD8 + T cells. These properties were independent of enzymatic treatment or the details of cell isolation. We conclude that the healthy human liver is a site of intense immunological activity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The activation state of human intrahepatic lymphocytes

Bozorgzadeh

Crispe

et al. 2007

Clinical and Experimental Immunology

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“…Endotoxin Assay. Endotoxin, also known as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), was measured in specially treated plasma samples from patients and normal individuals using the limulus amebocyte lysate assay as previously described (48,49). Briefly, heparinized plasma was collected into pyrogen-free tubes and stored at -70" C until use.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circulating tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 concentrations in chronic alcoholic patients

Khoruts¹,

et al. 1991

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Although altered cytokine homeostasis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease, the relationship between cytokines and metabolic consequences of alcoholic liver disease is unknown. We, therefore, sought to correlate circulating concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 to clinical and biochemical parameters of liver disease in chronic alcoholic patients. We used an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to measure plasma tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 and a bioassay to measure serum interleukin-6 in three groups of alcoholic men as follows: (a) actively drinking alcoholic men without evidence of chronic liver disease, (b) nondrinking alcoholic men with stable cirrhosis and (c) patients with acute alcoholic hepatitis. Mean cytokine concentrations were elevated in cirrhotic patients and alcoholic hepatitis patients compared with controls and alcoholic patients without liver disease. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 alpha concentrations remained elevated for up to 6 mo after diagnosis of alcoholic hepatitis, whereas interleukin-6 normalized in parallel with clinical recovery. Concentrations of all three cytokines were correlated with biochemical parameters of liver injury and hepatic protein synthesis plus serum immunoglobulin concentrations. We could not demonstrate a relationship between cytokine concentrations and peripheral endotoxemia. Percentages of peripheral blood monocytes that reacted with monoclonal antibodies to CD25 (interleukin-2 receptor) and human lymphocyte antigen-DR were similar for alcoholic patients and controls. These data suggest that tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 alpha are related to some of the metabolic consequences of both acute and chronic alcohol-induced liver disease, whereas interleukin-6 is related to abnormalities seen in acute liver injury.

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“…The presence of antibodies to antigenic determinants of various LPSs was expected. Gram-negative bacteria present in the digestive tract constantly release endotoxin [41]; this can explain how high levels of naturally acquired antibodies occur, as a consequence of the exposure of these epitopes in vivo. In this study, 1612 human serum samples from volunteer blood donors of seven different blood banks were screened.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Screening and characterization of specific anti‐lipopolysaccharide antibodies in Belgian blood donors by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays

Nys¹,

Laub²,

Damas³

et al. 1996

Eur J Clin Investigation

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The goal of this project was to find and collect high concentrations of endotoxin-specific antibodies for therapeutic IgG- or IgM-enriched preparations. Various enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were developed to perform longitudinal studies of the serological response to a large panel of smooth and rough purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) extracts in a population of healthy blood donors. To accomplish this, 1612 human serum samples from volunteer blood donors collected by seven different blood banks in Belgium were screened and specific IgM and IgG activities were measured. Approximately 17% of the donors had anti-LPS concentrations higher than 40 mg L-1. Of these, 10.9% had anti-smooth LPS antibodies, 3.7% had anti-rough LPS antibodies and 2.8% were found to be positive towards both types of LPS. The mean anti-LPS antibody concentration was 8 mg L-1 for rough LPS and 14 mg L-1 for smooth LPS. Age- and sex-related distributions of the activities indicated that the greatest prevalence of high anti-LPS concentration was in women aged 40-49 years and in men older than 60 years. Differential absorption experiments showed that the pooled serum of selected blood donors contained a mixture of specific and cross-reacting antibodies. We detected predominantly anti-LPS activities due to the IgG1 and IgG2 subclasses. The range of specificities to different LPS was increased by the pooling of selected sera. It was concluded that pools of naturally occurring specific anti-LPS immunoglobulin antibodies may be obtained in Belgium by screening blood donors using ELISAs that we have developed.

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Endotoxin and Bacteria in Portal Blood

Cited by 348 publications

References 19 publications

The activation state of human intrahepatic lymphocytes

The activation state of human intrahepatic lymphocytes

Circulating tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 concentrations in chronic alcoholic patients

Screening and characterization of specific anti‐lipopolysaccharide antibodies in Belgian blood donors by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays

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