Endotoxin Exposure as a Major Determinant of Lung Function Decline in Pig Farmers

Vogelzang, P.F.J.; Gulden, J.W.J. van der; Folgering, H.T.M.; Kolk, J. J.; Heederik, Dick; Preller, Liesbeth; Tielen, M.J.M.; Schayck, C.P. van

doi:10.1164/ajrccm.157.1.9703087

Cited by 195 publications

(124 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…As the normal physiological loss of FEV1 from the age of 30 to the age of 60 is~1 L an additional decline of 0.5 L represents a substantial loss. Farmers with FEV1 values low in the normal range or higher than average decline in FEV1 due to pig farming will probably develop clinically significant airways obstruction before the age of The excess decline in FEV1 found in this study is comparable, although lower, to the results from studies from Canada [21] and the Netherlands [22] where there was a mean decline of 26 mL . yr -1 and 10±70 mL .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Working in swine-confinement buildings causes an accelerated decline in FEV1: a 7-yr follow-up of Danish farmers

Iversen¹,

Dahl²

2000

Eur Respir J

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Working in swine-confinement buildings causes an accelerated decline in FEV1: a sevenyear follow-up of Danish farmers. M. Iversen, R. Dahl. #ERS Journals Ltd 2000. ABSTRACT: Work in swine confinement units causes exposure to high levels of organic dust and is associated with a high prevalence of work-related respiratory symptoms and probably with accelerated decline in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1).A 7-yr follow-up on FEV1, forced vital capacity (FVC), bronchial reactivity, and respiratory symptoms was performed on 181 Danish farmers. The participation rate was 76.3% and nonparticipants had more symptoms, were more likely to be current-smokers and had lower lung function in the first survey than participants in both surveys.Farmers who worked exclusively with pigs in the follow-up had an accelerated decline in FEV1 but not in FVC compared with dairy farmers, where the observed decline in FEV1 was close to the expected. For a nonsmoking pig farmer compared to a nonsmoking dairy farmer the mean additional decline in FEV1 was 17 mL . yr -1 (53.0 mL . yr -1 versus 36.1 mL . yr -1 ). The authors conclude that working in swine confinement units causes an accelerated decline in forced expiratory volume in one second but not in forced vital capacity. The mean decline is~0.5 L during a working life and some farmers will develop clinically significant airway obstruction due to work in swine confinement units. The study was supported by a grant from Danmark Lungeforening.Working in closed swine-confinement buildings is always associated with exposure to high concentrations of organic dust [1] and high prevalence of work-related respiratory symptoms in cross-sectional studies. This has been confirmed in several studies from northern Europe, Canada, and the USA [2±8]. The dust from confinement buildings has strong biological properties and causes severe bronchial inflammation [9,10] and work in confinement buildings is associated with a cross-shift decline in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) [7,11,12]. Several cross-sectional studies have suggested that pig farmers develop bronchial hyperresponsiveness and that this is related to symptoms and airway obstruction [8, 13±16]. Results from cross-sectional studies [8,13] have suggested that work in swine confinement buildings is associated with and accelerated decline in FEV1 and this seems to be confirmed from longitudinal studies [14±17].The purpose of this longitudinal study was to investigate whether farmers with exclusively swine farming (high dust exposure) had an accelerated decline in FEV1 compared to farmers with exclusively dairy farming (low dust exposure) a longitudinal study. Secondary endpoints were development in respiratory work-related symptoms and bronchial reactivity and its relation to decline in FEV1. MethodsFrom a previous cross-sectional study [8] all 181 male farmers were invited to a 7-yr follow-up. Measurement of FEV1/forced vital capacity (FVC) and bronchial reactivity by histamine challenge was performed with the same equi...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Working in swine-confinement buildings causes an accelerated decline in FEV1: a 7-yr follow-up of Danish farmers

Iversen¹,

Dahl²

2000

Eur Respir J

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“…This increased risk of respiratory symptoms was confirmed by studies that objectively assessed pollution exposure. Exposure to dust and endotoxin was significantly associated with a decline in lung function [159][160][161], and the risk of COPD-like symptoms [162,163], chronic bronchitis and COPD [164,165]. Only two studies reported similar associations with mould exposure [164,166].…”

Section: In Adultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Respiratory health and indoor air pollutants based on quantitative exposure assessments

et al. 2012

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We reviewed the main epidemiological studies that evaluate the respiratory effects of indoor air pollutants quantitatively in industrialised countries. Consistent results support short-term (aggravation) and, although more rarely, long-term (prevalence augmentation) effects on asthma, chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in indoor settings with poor air quality. Environmental tobacco smoke is one of the most important risks for respiratory symptoms and diseases worldwide. The evidence is also reliable for indoor nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter, which have been associated with asthma, bronchitis and COPD. Whereas formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds seem to be the main pollutants in indoor settings, relevant papers on their respiratory effects are still scarce, and limited to asthma and bronchitis. Moulds have been associated with an increased risk of asthma and COPD. Contradictory results have been found between endotoxins and asthma. The role of phthalates, persistent organic pollutants and flame retardants in respiratory diseases remains to be established. Results from rural areas of industrialised countries indicate that exposure to some indoor bio-contaminants might be protective in early life, while it is associated with adverse respiratory adverse effects in adulthood. Studies focusing on indoor air pollutants should be developed to better understand their involvement in the inception and aggravation of respiratory diseases.

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“…Endotoxins occur at relatively high concentrations in the respirable fraction of dust in swine confinement units [108] and they are released locally in the lungs during pulmonary infections with Gram-negative bacteria. In man and several animal species, endotoxin exposure can induce a marked infiltration of the lungs with neutrophils and macrophages, decreased lung functions and chronic coughing [129,130,145]. Many of the biological effects of LPS are mediated via the release of TNF-α and IL-1 [129,146].…”

Section: Interactions Between Respiratory Viruses and Bacterial Lipopmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proinflammatory cytokines and viral respiratory disease in pigs

2000

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-Swine influenza virus (SIV), porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) are enzootic viruses causing pulmonary infections in pigs. The first part of this review concentrates on known clinical and pathogenetic features of these infections. SIV is a primary respiratory pathogen; PRCV and PRRSV, on the contrary, tend to cause subclinical infections if uncomplicated but they appear to be important contributors to multifactorial respiratory diseases. The exact mechanisms whereby these viruses cause symptoms and pathology, however, remain unresolved. Classical studies of pathogenesis have revealed different lung cell tropisms and replication kinetics for each of these viruses and they suggest the involvement of different lung inflammatory responses or mediators. The proinflammatory cytokines interferon-α (IFN-α), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 (IL-1) have been shown to play key roles in several respiratory disease conditions. The biological effects of these cytokines and their involvement in human viral respiratory disease are discussed in the second part of this review. The third part summarises studies that were recently undertaken in the authors' laboratory to investigate the relationship between respiratory disease in pigs and bioactive lung lavage levels of IFN-α, TNF-α and IL-1 during single and combined infections with the above viruses. In single SIV infections, typical signs of swine "flu" were tightly correlated with an excessive and coordinate production of the 3 cytokines examined. PRCV or PRRSV infections, in contrast, were subclinical and did not induce production of all 3 cytokines. Combined infections with these 2 subclinical respiratory viruses failed to potentiate disease or cytokine production. After combined inoculation with PRCV followed by bacterial lipopolysaccharide, both clinical respiratory disease and TNF-α/IL-1 production were markedly more severe than those associated with the respective single inoculations. Taken together, these data are the first to demonstrate that proinflammatory cytokines can be important mediators of viral respiratory diseases in pigs. respiratory coronavirus, PRCV), et le virus du syndrome dysgénésique et respiratoire porcin (porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, PRRSV) sont des virus enzootiques provoquant des infections pulmonaires chez le porc. Les caractéristiques cliniques et pathogénétiques de ces infections sont données dans la première partie de cette revue. Le SIV est un agent pathogène respiratoire primaire ; les PRCV et PRRSV, en revanche, ne causent que des infections subcliniques en l'absence de complications, mais ils contribuent de manière importante aux maladies respiratoires multifactorielles. Cependant, les mécanismes précis par lesquels ces virus provoquent des symptômes et une pathologie demeurent inconnus. Les études classiques de pathogenèse ont révélé un tropisme pour les cellules pulmonaires et des cinétiques de réplication différents pour...

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Endotoxin Exposure as a Major Determinant of Lung Function Decline in Pig Farmers

Cited by 195 publications

References 37 publications

Working in swine-confinement buildings causes an accelerated decline in FEV1: a 7-yr follow-up of Danish farmers

Working in swine-confinement buildings causes an accelerated decline in FEV1: a 7-yr follow-up of Danish farmers

Respiratory health and indoor air pollutants based on quantitative exposure assessments

Proinflammatory cytokines and viral respiratory disease in pigs

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