Endotoxin Promotes the Translocation of Bacteria From the Gut

Deitch, Edwin A.

doi:10.1001/archsurg.1987.01400140067008

Cited by 372 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Intestinal translocation of LPS has been shown to occur in association with T cell immunodeficiency, immunosuppression, bacterial overgrowth and disruption of the gut mucosa [8,9]. The handling and clearance of LPS is managed by macrophage scavenger receptors, low and high density lipoproteins and LPS binding protein (LBP).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progressive Accumulation of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide In Vivo During Murine Acute Graft‐Versus‐Host Disease

1997

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Price KS, Nestel FP, Lapp WS. Progressive Accumulation of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide In Vivo During Murine Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease. Scand J Immunol 1997;45:294-300 In a previous report the authors demonstrated that acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) was associated with pathologic amounts of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) and the appearance of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the blood of GVH reactive mice just prior to death. In this study the authors have investigated the kinetics of LPS accumulation in different organs during the course of acute GVHD using a murine model. Unirradiated C57BL/6 × AF1 (B6AF 1 ) mice were transplanted with C57BL/6 (B6) lymphoid cells and killed at predetermined times after transplantation for LPS analysis. Control animals were injected with either 60 × 10 6 B6AF1 lymphoid cells (syngeneic) or 60 × 10 6 irradiated (2000 rad) CBA lymphoid cells (allogeneic). Lipopolysaccharide began to appear in the liver and the spleen of GVH reactive mice from day 2 post-transplant and by day 10 all GVH reactive mice tested positive for hepatic and splenic LPS. Low levels of LPS were detected in some control mice from days 2 to 10 post-transplant but LPS was never detected after day 10 in control groups. Total hepatic and splenic LPS in acute GVH reactive mice peaked at a time coincident with the appearance of LPS in the serum and with the onset of mortality. These results demonstrate that tissue levels of LPS increase throughout the course of acute GVHD and are sufficient to trigger the release of pathologic amounts of TNF-a from primed macrophages resulting in the cachexia and mortality associated with acute GVHD in this model.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progressive Accumulation of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide In Vivo During Murine Acute Graft‐Versus‐Host Disease

1997

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“…So, additional explanation should be pursued in order to explain why broad intestinal wall necrosis was found in rats submitted to a small intestinal obstruction for some hours without tying the superior mesenteric artery as showed by Yamamoto 16,17 . Deitch 1,[18][19] and Santacroce 20 in some studies using light and electronic transmission microscopy. These results and conclusions are conflicting with surgical practices earned in the long run with human being surgeries.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We based our work on the Gracey's researches 12 with sole ileum obstruction in rats, showing enterocyte villi vulnerability chiefly at their top 3,18,19 . Even with closed-loop obstruction this author found from moderate to heavy ultrastructural alterations in 10 to 35% of the enterocytes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The differing processing not mentioned in most conflicting studies are indispensable to standardize all the steps of the sample preparation and necessary for good results. As long as these criterions are not complied with, the samples for electronic microscopy will not be suitable for further ultrastructural study as they will be sources of artifacts and will show inexistent injuries [2][3][4]7,8,[10][11][12]19,20 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enterocyte ultrastructural alterations following intestinal obstruction in rats

Leite

Mello²,

Pereira³

et al. 2010

Acta Cir. Bras.

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Purpose:To analyze the small intestinal mucosa ultrastructure, and to characterize the enterocyte lesion severity caused by mechanical intestinal obstruction combined or not with an ischemia of the mesenteric marginal vessels arch. Methods: It was used 47 Wistar rats divided into 4 groups as follows: Group 1-Control rats (C), Group 2-sham rats (S), Group 3-rats submitted to intestinal obstruction excluding marginal vessel (OEV), Group 4-Intestinal obstruction including marginal vessels (OIV). Rats of groups 3 and 4 were allotted into two subgroups for the removal of small intestinal tissue samples, one at the proximal (P), and the other at the distal (D) segments from the obstruction site. Samples of groups 2, 3, 4 were obtained 24, 48, and 72 hours after post operation care. Small intestinal tissue samples of group 1 were excised following laparotomy. Imaging in Light and Transmission Electronic Microscopy were used for morphological and morphometric studies. The results were analyzed by using the ANOVA and Newman-Keuls tests. Results: No irreversible lesion was observed. In the 24 hours microvilli volume of group 3 turned down at the proximal site henceforth enlarging very slowly within the next 72 hours. At the distal site significant microvilli shrinkage was observed up to 48 hours. Then they recovered their volume after 72 hours. In the 24 hours microvilli volume of group 4 grew twice in comparison with the microvilli of group 1 rats but after 72 hours there was drastic volume shrinkage, shape alterations, and severe flatness, especially in the distal segments of the obstruction site. Conclusions: Terminal ileum mechanical obstruction with mesenteric marginal arch ischemia led to reversible ultrastructural alterations after 72 hours, and the injury is proportional to the persistence of the obstructive process. Furthermore the mesenteric vessels of the marginal arcade play an important role in the maintenance of mucosal integrity, when such obstructive disorder is present. Key words: Microscopy Electron, Transmission. Intestinal Obstruction. Intestinal Mucosa. Intestine, Small. Animal Experimentation. Rats. RESUMOObjetivo: Analisar as alterações ultra-estruturais da mucosa do intestino delgado e caracterizar a severidade das lesões causadas por uma obstrução intestinal mecânica, associada ou não a isquemia da arcada marginal mesentérica. Métodos: Foram utilizados 47 ratos, da linhagem Wistar, distribuídos em quatro grupos, da seguinte forma: Grupo 1 -Controle (C), Grupo 2-Simulação (S), Grupo 3-Ratos com obstrução intestinal sem inclusão de vaso marginal (OEV), Grupo 4 -Obstrução intestinal com inclusão de vaso marginal (OIV). Os animais dos grupos 3 e 4 foram redistribuídos em dois subgrupos com coleta de amostras do intestino delgado, à montante (P) e à jusante (D) do ponto de obstrução. Nos grupos 2, 3 e 4, as amostras foram colhidas com 24, 48 e 72 horas de pós-operatório. No grupo 1, este material foi retirado após laparotomia. Realizaram-se estudos morfológicos e morfométricos dos microvilos a...

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“…Bu durumda intestinal mukoza bariyer özel-liğini kaybettiğinde sadece barsak florasının kontrol altına alınması bakteriyel translokasyonu engelleyememektedir. Translokasyon nedeni ile sistemik dokulardan en çok izole edilen bakteri ise Escherichia coli dir (29,35,(38)(39)(40). Savunma duvarı barsak ve barsak dışı faktörlerden etkilenmektedir.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Deneysel ileusda indometasin kullanımının intestinal permeabilite ve bakteriyel translokasyon üzerine etkileri The effects ofindomethacine on intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation in in

Demirkan¹,

Aksoy²,

Kuzu³

et al. 2006

Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası

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Amaç: Çalışmamızda mekanik intestinal obstrüksiyonlarda antiinflamatuvar bir ajan olarak indometasinin, intestinal permeabilite, bakteriyel translokasyon ve histopatolojik değişiklikler üzerindeki etkilerinin ortaya konulması amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmada her biri 10 hayvandan oluşan 4 grup oluşturulmuştur. Grup I (n=10) kontrol grubunu oluştururken, grup II (n=10) de terminal ileum ipek materyal ile 24 saat süresince bağlanarak deneysel ileus oluşturuldu. Grup III deki (n=10) hayvanlara 5 mg/kg subkutan indometasin uygulaması yapıldı. Grup IV de (n=10) ise intestinal obstrüksiyonu takiben indometasin uygulaması gerçekleştirildi. Grup IV de ileus oluşturulması ve indometasin uygulamaları grup II ve grup III deki ile aynı biçimde gerçekleştirildi. 51Cr ile işaretli etilen diamin tetraasetik asite ( 51 Cr EDTA) olan intestinal permeabilite deği-şiklikleri laparatomilerden 24 saat sonra ve 6 saat süresince toplanan idrar örneklerinde değerlendirildi. Bakteriyel translokasyon mezenterik lenf nodları ve kan örnekleri kültüre edilerek değerlendirildi. Deney hayvanlarından intestinal doku örnekleri de alınarak histopatolojik değişiklikler ve kuru-yaş ağırlık değişiklikleri değerlendirildi. Bulgular: Deneysel ileus oluşturulmasını takiben geçekleştirilen indometasin uygulamasının, ileusa bağlı olarak artmış olan intestinal permeabiliteyi anlamlı biçimde azaltırken (%3.5±0.10 -%2.0±0.20, p<0.001), kan (%70.0 -%0.0, p<0.001) ve mezenterik lenf nodlarına (%43.3 -%0.0, p<0.001) gerçek-leşen bakteriyel translokasyonu da anlamlı biçimde engellediği görüldü. İndometasin uygulamasının deneysel ileus sonrası artan iltihabi infiltrasyonu anlamlı biçimde engellediği (2.86±0.3 -2.14±0.6, p=0.023) ancak diğer histopatolojik değişiklikler üzerinde benzer olumlu etkileri olmadığı gözlendi (p=ns). Yaş ve kuru ağırlık değişiklikleri açısından gruplar arasında anlamlı fark gözlenmedi (p>0.05). Sonuç: Bu çalışmada sıçanlarda oluşturulan deneysel ileusda, 5 mg/kg dozunda subkutan indometasin uygulamasının intestinal permeabilite, bakteriyel translokasyon ve ileal dokuda iltihabi infiltrasyon üze-rinde olumlu etkileri olduğu görülürken, villus uzunlukları ve mukoza kalınlıkları üzerinde aynı olumlu etkiler gözlenmemiştir. Anahtar sözcükler: İntestinal obstrüksiyon, intestinal permeabilite, bakteriyel translokasyon, indometasinAim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of indomethacine as an anti-inflammatory agent, on intestinal permeability, bacterial translocation and histopathological changes in experimental intestinal obstruction. Materials and Methods: Forthy Wistar rats were divided into four groups, a control group (group I, n=10); an intestinal obstruction group (group II, n=10) in which terminal ileum was obstructed by ligation for 24 hours, an indomethacine group (group III, n=10) treated with subcutaneous indomethacine (5 mg/kg) after the ligation; and an indomethacine + intestinal obstruction group (group IV, n=10). Intestinal obstruction period and indomethacine dosages were same as in group II and II...

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Endotoxin Promotes the Translocation of Bacteria From the Gut

Cited by 372 publications

References 27 publications

Progressive Accumulation of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide In Vivo During Murine Acute Graft‐Versus‐Host Disease

Progressive Accumulation of Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide In Vivo During Murine Acute Graft‐Versus‐Host Disease

Enterocyte ultrastructural alterations following intestinal obstruction in rats

Deneysel ileusda indometasin kullanımının intestinal permeabilite ve bakteriyel translokasyon üzerine etkileri The effects ofindomethacine on intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation in in

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