Endotracheal tubes in neonates: sonographic positioning.

A Prospective Comparison of Diaphragmatic Ultrasound and Chest Radiography to Determine Endotracheal Tube Position in a Pediatric Emergency Department

“…1,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] Direct ultrasound at the cricothyroid membrane or suprasternal notch assesses airway placement of the ETT and in theory is the confirmatory equivalent of ETCO 2 detection. Drescher et al 12 first described the use of tracheal ultrasound in 5 human cadavers.…”

Transtracheal 2-D Ultrasound for Identification of Esophageal Intubation

“…In 1986, Slovis and Poland performed a study of ultrasound visualization in already intubated patients. They described the appearance of the non-intubated airway (distal to the tip of the tube) as producing a broken linear density, whereas the tube was seen as a continuous linear density (3). To date, there is no study published evaluating ultrasound's utility in live adult subjects.…”

Identification and Description of Esophageal Intubation Using Ultrasound

“…They were able to view the esophagus. 2 In 1987 Raphael and Conard used foam and fluid-filled ETT cuffs to evaluate ETT depth in 24 intubated adult tracheas. They were able to visualize all cuffs in the longitudinal view, and three were missed on transverse view.…”

“…One involved evaluating ETT position in relationship to the carina in the neonatal intensive care unit (ICU). 2 The second study, in adults, evaluated the use of foam and saline-filled ETT cuffs to aid in ultrasonic imaging of ETT placement in the operating room. 3 A third study describes a technical innovation in visualizing the ETT in six neonates in the ICU.…”