Endovascular Repair of Spontaneous Rupture of Stent Graft Branch in Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm—Management, Case Study, and Review

Abstract

Background: Stent-graft implantation is a widely recognized method for endovascular treatment of aortic aneurysms. In cases where the aneurysm involves the thoracic and abdominal aorta, repair including fenestrated and branched stent grafts provides a viable alternative. This approach, initially reserved for patients unsuitable for open surgery, has become preferred for anatomically appropriate thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms. The Zenith t-Branch system has been extensively studied, demonstrating high technical success rates and acceptable mortality and morbidity. However, complications such as endoleaks, kinking, and stent-graft branch rupture remain significant challenges. Methods: We present the case of an 82-year-old male with a thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm treated with endovascular aneurysm repair using the Zenith t-Branch. Four years post-implantation, he developed a spontaneous rupture of the stent-graft branch, leading to dangerous leakage and aneurysm sac enlargement. An urgent surgical intervention was performed, implanting additional Be-Graft into the damaged branch, restoring stent-graft continuity and revascularizing the superior mesenteric artery. Results: The procedure was completed successfully. We conducted a review of the latest literature on endovascular treatment of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms with particular emphasis on the possibility of repairing postoperative complications, especially endoleaks. Conclusions: While modern technologies have significantly improved outcomes, serious complications persist. Studies emphasize the importance of regular imaging follow-up for early complication detection and management. Continuous advancements in stent-graft technology aim to reduce complications further and improve outcomes. This case underscores the necessity of experienced operators in managing complex and rare complications and highlights the promising future of endovascular techniques in treating thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms.