Endurance and Resistance Training Affect High Fat Diet-Induced Increase of Ceramides, Inflammasome Expression, and Systemic Inflammation in Mice

Abstract

The study aimed to investigate the effects of differentiated exercise regimes on high fat-induced metabolic and inflammatory pathways. Mice were fed a standard diet (ST) or a high fat diet (HFD) and subjected to regular endurance training (ET) or resistance training (RT). After 10 weeks body weight, glucose tolerance, fatty acids (FAs), circulating ceramides, cytokines, and immunological mediators were determined. The HFD induced a significant increase in body weight and a disturbed glucose tolerance (p < 0.05). An increase of plasma FA, ceramides, and inflammatory mediators in adipose tissue and serum was found (p < 0.05). Both endurance and resistance training decreased body weight (p < 0.05) and reduced serum ceramides (p < 0.005). While RT attenuated the increase of NLRP-3 (RT) expression in adipose tissue, ET was effective in reducing TNF-α and IL-18 expression. Furthermore, ET reduced levels of MIP-1γ, while RT decreased levels of IL-18, MIP-1γ, Timp-1, and CD40 in serum (p < 0.001), respectively. Although both exercise regimes improved glucose tolerance (p < 0.001), ET was more effective than RT. These results suggest that exercise improves HFD-induced complications possibly through a reduction of ceramides, the reduction of inflammasome activation in adipose tissues, and a systemic downregulation of inflammatory cytokines.

Effect of resistance exercise training on expression of Hsp70 and inflammatory cytokines in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue of STZ-induced diabetic rats

“…Hsp can be released into the circulation and exert an immune stimulatory effect by interacting with pattern recognition receptors, such as toll-like receptors, and thereby activate the host inflammatory response (Asea et al 2002;Johnson et al2006). Aerobic exercise training has been shown to decrease markers of inflammation in plasma (Mardare et al 2016). Despite this, even long duration resistance training could not decrease inflammation in some studies (Hansen et al 2011;Lee et al 2011).…”

Physical activity protects NLRP3 inflammasome-associated coronary vascular dysfunction in obese mice

“…We showed that the primary mechanisms for exercise-induced improvement of vascular function were enhanced eNOS-mediated NO production and reduced oxidative stress and inflammatory signaling in vascular endothelium (Lee et al 2011;Park et al 2012). Furthermore, recent studies reported that chronic exercise training suppressed activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in the adipose tissue of obese mice (Mardare et al 2016) and in the brain of ovariectomized mice (Wang et al 2016b). However, the effect of physical activity on NLRP3 inflammasome activation-associated vascular function in obesity is not tested elsewhere.…”

“…) and in HFD‐induced obese mouse adipose tissues (Mardare et al. ). However, no study has investigated the effects of physical activity on coronary vascular NLRP3 inflammasome in diet‐induced obesity.…”

“…Previous studies showed that exercise training attenuates NLRP3 inflammasome activation in ovariectomized mouse brain hippocampus (Wang et al 2016b) and in HFD-induced obese mouse adipose tissues (Mardare et al 2016). However, no study has investigated the effects of physical activity on coronary vascular NLRP3 inflammasome in diet-induced obesity.…”

“…Furthermore, recent studies reported that chronic exercise training suppressed activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in the adipose tissue of obese mice (Mardare et al. ) and in the brain of ovariectomized mice (Wang et al. ).…”