“…5 ). These post-intervention values were closer to reference ranges from healthy participants of similar age and socio-economic status as this sample ( Smyth et al, 2019 ). Fig.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 75%
“…Overall our data suggests that for this population cortisol levels and profiles were considered ‘healthy’ post-intervention, but indicated poor health status pre-intervention ( Smyth et al, 2019 ). Indeed, the ‘blunted’ cortisol levels below reference ranges encountered pre-intervention are linked to depression ( Adam et al, 2017 ), post-traumatic stress disorder ( Bechard, 2017 ), suicide attempts ( Keilp et al, 2016 ) and childhood adversity ( Koss & Gunnar, 2018 ) through the down-regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis after prolonged exposure to chronic stress.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 75%
“…5 Salivary cortisol concentrations (mean ± standard error) pre- and post-intervention (n = 16). Data for healthy participants from laboratory reference data and included for illustrative purposes; n = 26, 15 women and 11 men aged 48.6 ± 11.7 years (but also see Smyth et al, 1997 , Smyth et al, 2013 , Smyth et al, 2019 ). Bars represent standard error (S.E.).…”
Highlights
Significant improvement in self-reported health were recorded after the introduction of the plants.
Residents reported significant decreases in perceived stress post-intervention.
The proportion of ‘healthy’ cortisol patterns increased from 24% to 53% after the intervention.
The role of residential gardens in influencing health and well-being needs greater prominence in the public health agenda.
“…5 ). These post-intervention values were closer to reference ranges from healthy participants of similar age and socio-economic status as this sample ( Smyth et al, 2019 ). Fig.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 75%
“…Overall our data suggests that for this population cortisol levels and profiles were considered ‘healthy’ post-intervention, but indicated poor health status pre-intervention ( Smyth et al, 2019 ). Indeed, the ‘blunted’ cortisol levels below reference ranges encountered pre-intervention are linked to depression ( Adam et al, 2017 ), post-traumatic stress disorder ( Bechard, 2017 ), suicide attempts ( Keilp et al, 2016 ) and childhood adversity ( Koss & Gunnar, 2018 ) through the down-regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis after prolonged exposure to chronic stress.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 75%
“…5 Salivary cortisol concentrations (mean ± standard error) pre- and post-intervention (n = 16). Data for healthy participants from laboratory reference data and included for illustrative purposes; n = 26, 15 women and 11 men aged 48.6 ± 11.7 years (but also see Smyth et al, 1997 , Smyth et al, 2013 , Smyth et al, 2019 ). Bars represent standard error (S.E.).…”
Highlights
Significant improvement in self-reported health were recorded after the introduction of the plants.
Residents reported significant decreases in perceived stress post-intervention.
The proportion of ‘healthy’ cortisol patterns increased from 24% to 53% after the intervention.
The role of residential gardens in influencing health and well-being needs greater prominence in the public health agenda.
“…Another study showed that exercising intensely (70% heart rate reserve) suppresses the subsequent cortisol response to a psychosocial stressor [ 111 ]. Smyth et al have shown that high intensity treadmill exercise in individuals with PD reduces cortisol secretion during the post-awakening period after nocturnal sleep [ 112 ]. Yoga and dance movement therapy also lead to decreased cortisol levels [ 113 , 114 ].…”
Section: Factors Modulating Cortisol and Klotho Regulationmentioning
The pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is complex, multilayered, and not fully understood, resulting in a lack of effective disease-modifying treatments for this prevalent neurodegenerative condition. Symptoms of PD are heterogenous, including motor impairment as well as non-motor symptoms such as depression, cognitive impairment, and circadian disruption. Aging and stress are important risk factors for PD, leading us to explore pathways that may either accelerate or protect against cellular aging and the detrimental effects of stress. Cortisol is a much-studied hormone that can disrupt mitochondrial function and increase oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, which are recognized as key underlying disease mechanisms in PD. The more recently discovered klotho protein, considered a general aging-suppressor, has a similarly wide range of actions but in the opposite direction to cortisol: promoting mitochondrial function while reducing oxidative stress and inflammation. Both hormones also converge on pathways of vitamin D metabolism and insulin resistance, also implicated to play a role in PD. Interestingly, aging, stress and PD associate with an increase in cortisol and decrease in klotho, while physical exercise and certain genetic variations lead to a decrease in cortisol response and increased klotho. Here, we review the interrelated opposite actions of cortisol and klotho in the pathogenesis of PD. Together they impact powerful and divergent mechanisms that may go on to influence PD-related symptoms. Better understanding of these hormones in PD would facilitate the design of effective interventions that can simultaneously impact the multiple systems involved in the pathogenesis of PD.
“…A strength of this study was that salivary cortisol post intervention was collected 5 days after the last exercise session, to obtain accurate stable cortisol values and to avoid reporting acute effects of physical activity on cortisol levels. Smyth et al (2019) examined the effects of a 6-month high intensity endurance exercise program on participants with Parkinson's disease with mild cognitive impairment. Overall levels of cortisol were lower across the day, but mostly attributed to the morning, and these levels were more in line with levels exhibited by healthy adults of a similar age.…”
Stress-relieving strategies and brain health
Full title:Effectiveness of stress relieving strategies in regulating patterns of cortisol secretion and promoting brain health.
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