Energetic ionic salts based on nitrogen-rich heterocycles: A prospective study

Swain, P. K.; Singh, Haridwar; Tewari, Surya P.

doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2009.11.009

Cited by 43 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Finally, 1.38 g of white solid (yield 87.1 %) was obtained with the following characterization data: IR (KBr): ñ = 3014, 1787, 1600, 1451, 1270, 1225, 1068, 980, 833, 801, 739 cm À1 . 1…”

Section: Preparation Of Tetranitrodiglycolurilmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Synthesis of explosives with outstanding comprehensive performance is a major goal in the development of high energy density materials (HEDM) [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Heterocyclic explosives with NÀNO 2 group(s) are of huge industrial and military importance because of the high formation heat, high density, and excellent oxygen balance [8][9][10][11][12][13][14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synthesis and Characterization of a Thermally and Hydrolytically Stable Energetic Material based on N‐Nitrourea

Cui

et al. 2014

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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The novel primary explosive tetranitrodiglycoluril (TNDGU) was synthesized from glycoluril dimer. It was fully characterized by using NMR (1H, 13C), IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. X‐ray diffraction revealed that the crystals of TNDGU belong to triclinic system with space group P$\bar 1$. The thermal behavior of TNDGU was studied using DSC methods. TNDGU exhibited good thermal stability with a decomposition temperature of 284.8 °C. TNDGU was also more resistant to hydrolysis compared to other nitrourea analogues. Additionally, density, enthalpy of formation, detonation velocity (VOD), and detonation pressure of TNDGU were predicted and it was found that TNDGU is a potential powerful explosive with a calculated density of 1.93 g cm−3, a detonation velocity of 8305 m s−1 and low sensitivity to electric discharge.

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“…Finally, 1.38 g of white solid (yield 87.1 %) was obtained with the following characterization data: IR (KBr): ñ = 3014, 1787, 1600, 1451, 1270, 1225, 1068, 980, 833, 801, 739 cm À1 . 1…”

Section: Preparation Of Tetranitrodiglycolurilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Characterization of a Thermally and Hydrolytically Stable Energetic Material based on N‐Nitrourea

Cui

et al. 2014

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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“…are the most popular choice in the creation of new nitrogen-rich energetic compounds ( Tang et al, 2016a ; Zhang et al, 2017 ; Huang et al, 2020 ; Voronin et al, 2020 ; Yan et al, 2020 ; Dalinger et al, 2021 ; Larin et al, 2021 ). From the structural point of view, the frameworks based on the combinations of these heterocyclic five-membered rings, especially the ones with furazan, furoxan, tetrazole, or isofurazan units, can achieve more compact structures and higher enthalpy of positive formations, leading to corresponding nitrogen-rich energetic compounds with excellent detonation performances ( Jaidann et al, 2010 ; Swain et al, 2010 ; Suntsova and Dorofeeva, 2017 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthetic Strategies Toward Nitrogen-Rich Energetic Compounds Via the Reaction Characteristics of Cyanofurazan/Furoxan

Wang¹,

Zhai²,

She³

et al. 2022

Front. Chem.

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The structural units of amino-/cyano-substituted furazans and furoxans played significant roles in the synthesis of nitrogen-rich energetic compounds. This account focused on the synthetic strategies toward nitrogen-rich energetic compounds through the transformations based on cyanofurazan/furoxan structures, including 3-amino-4-cyanofurazan, 4-amino-3-cyano furoxan, 3,4-dicyanofurazan, and 3,4-dicyanofuroxan. The synthetic strategies toward seven kinds of nitrogen-rich energetic compounds, such as azo (azoxy)-bridged, ether-bridged, methylene-bridged, hybrid furazan/furoxan-tetrazole–based, tandem furoxan–based, hybrid furazan-isofurazan–based, hybrid furoxan-isoxazole–based and fused framework–based energetic compounds were fully reviewed, with the corresponding reaction mechanisms toward the nitrogen-rich aromatic frameworks and examples of using the frameworks to create high energetic substances highlighted and discussed. The energetic properties of typical nitrogen-rich energetic compounds had also been compared and summarized.

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“…The key properties for HEDMs include density ( ρ ), melting point ( T m ), decomposition temperature ( T d ), heat of formation (HOF), calculated detonation velocity ( D , calculated propagation velocity of detonation wave in explosive grain), calculated detonation pressure ( P , calculated pressure on the front of detonation wave), oxygen balance (OB, residual amount of oxygen when explosive explodes to produce CO 2 and H 2 O, OB = 16[ c- (2 a + b /2)]/ M for molecule C a H b O c N d ), specific impulse ( I sp , impulse produced by the unit quantity of propellant), content of nitrogen (N), impact sensitivity (IS, sensitivity of explosive to impact), friction sensitivity (FS, sensitivity of explosive to friction), electrostatic discharge sensitivity (ESD), and sensitivity of explosive to electrostatic discharge, etc. There are several standards a novel HEDM should meet if it would be applied widely, including insensitivity toward mechanical stimuli (heat, impact, fraction, and electrostatic discharge) to ensure the safety of operation, high performance for various purposes, less toxicity, and producing less hazardous waste after detonation [ 17 , 18 , 19 ]. Among them, conflict between the increasing energetic level and decreasing sensitivity has become more and more severe.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Synthesis and Properties of Nitrated-Pyrazoles Based Energetic Compounds

et al. 2020

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Nitrated-pyrazole-based energetic compounds have attracted wide publicity in the field of energetic materials (EMs) due to their high heat of formation, high density, tailored thermal stability, and detonation performance. Many nitrated-pyrazole-based energetic compounds have been developed to meet the increasing demands of high power, low sensitivity, and eco-friendly environment, and they have good applications in explosives, propellants, and pyrotechnics. Continuous and growing efforts have been committed to promote the rapid development of nitrated-pyrazole-based EMs in the last decade, especially through large amounts of Chinese research. Some of the ultimate aims of nitrated-pyrazole-based materials are to develop potential candidates of castable explosives, explore novel insensitive high energy materials, search for low cost synthesis strategies, high efficiency, and green environmental protection, and further widen the applications of EMs. This review article aims to present the recent processes in the synthesis and physical and explosive performances of the nitrated-pyrazole-based Ems, including monopyrazoles with nitro, bispyrazoles with nitro, nitropyrazolo[4,3-c]pyrazoles, and their derivatives, and to comb the development trend of these compounds. This review intends to prompt fresh concepts for designing prominent high-performance nitropyrazole-based EMs.

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Energetic ionic salts based on nitrogen-rich heterocycles: A prospective study

Cited by 43 publications

References 33 publications

Synthesis and Characterization of a Thermally and Hydrolytically Stable Energetic Material based on N‐Nitrourea

Synthesis and Characterization of a Thermally and Hydrolytically Stable Energetic Material based on N‐Nitrourea

Synthetic Strategies Toward Nitrogen-Rich Energetic Compounds Via the Reaction Characteristics of Cyanofurazan/Furoxan

Recent Advances in Synthesis and Properties of Nitrated-Pyrazoles Based Energetic Compounds

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