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Okada, Susumu

doi:10.1103/physrevb.77.235419

Cited by 37 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…We observed that at 700 °C and under 300 keV electrons, armchair edges are more stable than zigzag edges, in agreement with quantum mechanical calculations. 29 At room temperature and under 80 keV electrons, similarly to Girit et al, we also observed long zigzag edges. 5…”

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confidence: 89%

Atomic-Scale Electron-Beam Sculpting of Defect-Free Graphene Nanostructures

Song

Schneider

et al. 2011

Microsc Microanal

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First isolated in 2004,1 graphene has received tremendous scientific attention due to its unique electronic properties.2 Graphene also features edge dynamics 3 and mechanical properties, 4 opening up even more opportunities such as its use to sequence genomic DNA using nanopores. 5 In order to harvest the many promising properties of graphene in applications, a technique is required to cut, shape or sculpt the material on a nanoscale without damage to its atomic structure, as this drastically influences the electronic properties of the nanostructure. Here, we reveal a temperature-dependent self-repair mechanism allowing damage-free atomic-scale sculpting of graphene using a focused electron beam. Our technique allows reproducible fabrication and simultaneous imaging of singlecrystalline free-standing nanoribbons, nanotubes, nanopores, and single carbon chains.Temperature has a remarkable effect on the changes induced by 300 keV electrons (Figure 1). At room temperature (RT), a rapid amorphisation occurs, which prevents detailed high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM). At temperatures of 200 °C, we observe that electron beam irradiation leads to amorphisation with only short range order (Figure 1a). At 500 °C, the electron beam results in the formation of polycrystalline monolayers. The single crystalline graphene transforms into polycrystalline graphene with clear straight but short grain boundaries. At 700 °C, remarkably, graphene conserves its full crystallinity even under a very intense electron beam, as shown in Figure 1c. Figure 2 shows various graphene nanostructures made at 600°C~700°C. Carbon nanotubes can be made using elongated electron beams with a shape similar to the holes made (Figure 2a, inset).

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supporting

confidence: 89%

Atomic-Scale Electron-Beam Sculpting of Defect-Free Graphene Nanostructures

Song

Schneider

et al. 2011

Microsc Microanal

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“…In this regard, the huge number of theoretical works that recently appeared in the literature on GNRs [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] has almost exclusively focused on single-hydrogen saturation of the edge carbon atoms. This was mainly due to the surprising discovery of spin-polarized electronic states localized on the edges of zigzag GNRs 17,18 , possibly turning them into half-metals under high electric fields 19,20 , and spurring great interest in view of possi-ble applications in future spintronics.…”

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confidence: 99%

Structure and stability of graphene nanoribbons in oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, and ammonia

et al. 2010

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We determine, by means of density functional theory, the stability and the structure of graphenenanoribbon (GNR) edges in presence of molecules such as oxygen, water, ammonia, and carbon dioxide. As in the case of hydrogen-terminated nanoribbons, we find that the most stable armchair and zigzag configurations are characterized by a non-metallic/non-magnetic nature, and are compatible with Clar's sextet rules, well known in organic chemistry. In particular, we predict that, at thermodynamic equilibrium, neutral GNRs in oxygen-rich atmosphere should preferentially be along the armchair direction, while water-saturated GNRs should present zigzag edges. Our results promise to be particularly useful to GNRs synthesis, since the most recent and advanced experimental routes are most effective in water and/or ammonia-containing solutions.

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“…We note that the relative stability of zigzag versus armchair edges in graphene has been theoretically debated [13][14][15][16] , with different conclusions reached in different calculations. Experimentally, both armchair and zigzag oriented edges (which may still have microscopic roughness) have been found in graphene prepared by different methods.…”

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confidence: 99%

Direct Imaging of Graphene Edges: Atomic Structure and Electronic Scattering

Tian¹,

Cao²,

et al. 2011

Nano Lett.

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We report an atomically resolved scanning tunneling microscopy investigation of the edges of graphene grains synthesized on Cu foils by chemical vapor deposition. Most of the edges are macroscopically parallel to the zigzag directions of graphene lattice. These edges have microscopic roughness that is found to also follow zigzag directions at atomic scale, displaying many ∼120° turns. A prominent standing wave pattern with periodicity ∼3a/4 (a being the graphene lattice constant) is observed near a rare-occurring armchair-oriented edge. Observed features of this wave pattern are consistent with the electronic intervalley backscattering predicted to occur at armchair edges but not at zigzag edges.

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Energetics of carbon peapods: Elliptical deformation of nanotubes and aggregation of encapsulatedC60

Cited by 37 publications

References 40 publications

Atomic-Scale Electron-Beam Sculpting of Defect-Free Graphene Nanostructures

Atomic-Scale Electron-Beam Sculpting of Defect-Free Graphene Nanostructures

Structure and stability of graphene nanoribbons in oxygen, carbon dioxide, water, and ammonia

Direct Imaging of Graphene Edges: Atomic Structure and Electronic Scattering

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