“…(2) stimulates insulin-independent glucose transport and accumulation of glycogen in the oxygen-sensitive cells (cardiomyocytes and neurons), thus increasing instantly available intracellular energy reserves [91,92]; (3) incites activator protein-1 and HIFs, the master proteins responsible for numerous adaptational pathways [93,94]; (4) stimulates erythropoietin (EPO) production having multiple protective and neuroregenerative effects [95,96]; (5) stimulates HSP70, one of the key members in the chaperons family providing protection against injury and facilitating successful recovery after damage [97,98]; (6) incites growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) release [99,100]; (7) enhances antioxidant defense system and increases the resistance of Na + -K + ATPase to oxidative stress [101,102]; (8) stimulates endothelial NO production provoking vasodilation, opening of reserve capillaries and preventing Ca 2+ overload, which has multiple protective and adaptogenic effects [103]; (9) modulates humoral and cellular immunity [104]; (10) stimulates brain-derived growth factor (BDGF) and glial cell-derived growth factor (GDNF) that provide neuronal protection and stimulate neuroregeneration [105]; (11) supports mitochondrial biogenesis and induces selection of non-mutated mtDNA [97]; (12) induces changes within mitochondria increasing the O 2 utilization efficiency of ATP production [106]; (13) stimulates activity of natural mesenchimal and hematopoietic stem-cells responsible for repair [104 , 107].…”