Energy‐absorbing characteristics of foamed polymers

Rusch, K. C.

doi:10.1002/app.1970.070140603

Cited by 84 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Each reflects different micro-structural compliance and failure mechanisms. [36,[38][39][40] As already mentioned, the first stage is the linearelastic response of the foam. During this stage, a number of deformation mechanisms occurs with the more dominant ones being the cell wall bending in combination with the compression of the gas contained within the closed foam cells.…”

Section: Non-dimensional Electrical Measurements As a Function Of Strmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…MWCNT produced by catalyzed CVD were supplied by Arkema (France). According to the manufacturer, their diameters were 10-15 nm and they were more than 500 nm long, resulting in an aspect ratio (AR) in the range of [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50]. Previous studies [19,31,32] utilizing the same batch of CNTs showed good mechanical and electrical results for polymer composites.…”

Section: Materials and Experimental Setup 21 Materials And Manufactmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The authors would like to thank Mrs. Myrto Matzakou for her contribution in the preparation of the materials as well as her support in the experimental work. Vol.7, No.1 (2013) [40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54] …”

Section: Acknowledgementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sensing strain and damage in polyurethane/MWCNT nano-composite foams using electrical measurements

Baltopoulos¹,

Αθανασόπουλος²,

Fotiou³

et al. 2013

Express Polym. Lett.

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The addition of carbon nano-fillers (nanofibers (CNF), nanotubes (CNT) etc.) into plastics has been shown to affect the various properties of the resulting material and effectively increase the electrical conductivity of the system by several orders of magnitude [1]. This is attributed to the formation of a conductive network of the conductive nanofillers, which can be described as a percolated network. The increased electrical conductivity of the nano-reinforced materials has given rise to their use in various applications [2]. Polymeric foams (e.g. Rigid PolyUrethane (PUR)) represent a very interesting and useful sub-group, finding vast range of applications due to their versatility. In structural applications, they are commonly used due to the weight saving capabilities they can offer in the design (e.g. as sandwich cores). Combining nano-fillers with foam materials, nanoreinforcement of foams has been developed and studied the past decade, but mainly focused on the mechanical and thermal properties. Electrical conductivity of nano-composite foams is much less studied. Works on the electrical properties of nanoreinforced polymeric foams are rather sporadic [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. The relationship between the resulting electrical conductivity and the density of the rigid foams for given CNT concentrations was reported in [6] but only recently described further [10]. 40Sensing strain and damage in polyurethane-MWCNT nano-composite foams using electrical measurements A. Baltopoulos, N. Athanasopoulos, I. Fotiou, A. Vavouliotis Abstract. This work deals with the damage identification in polymeric foams through the monitoring of the electrical resistance of the system. To assess this idea electrically conductive rigid Poly-Urethane (PUR) foams at various densities were prepared. Multi-Wall Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT) were dispersed in the host polymer at various concentrations through high shear mixing to provide electrical conductivity to the system. The PUR/MWCNT foams exhibited varying electrical conductivity on a wide range of densities and nano-filler contents. The prepared foams were subject to compression tests. Electrical resistance was recorded online during the tests to monitor the change of the bulk property of the materials. A structural-electrical cross-property relation was exhibited. The distinctive phases of foam compression were successfully identified from the electrical resistance profile recorded during the tests. A characteristic master curve of the change of electrical resistivity with respect to load and damage is proposed and analyzed. It was shown that the found electrical resistance profile is a characteristic of all the MWCNT contents and depends on density and conductivity. MWCNT content contributes mainly to the sensitivity of electrical sensing in the initial stage of compression. Later compression stages are dominated by foam microstructural damage which mask any effect of CNT dispersion. Micro-structural observations were employed to verify the experimental findings and curves.Keywo...

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Section: Non-dimensional Electrical Measurements As a Function Of Strmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Materials and Experimental Setup 21 Materials And Manufactmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sensing strain and damage in polyurethane/MWCNT nano-composite foams using electrical measurements

Baltopoulos¹,

Αθανασόπουλος²,

Fotiou³

et al. 2013

Express Polym. Lett.

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“…3 Elastic modulus, yield point, 3 and length of stress plateau 4,5 are the main parameters to be considered in foam design for specific applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anisotropic mechanical behavior of magnetically oriented iron particle reinforced foams

Sorrentino

Aurilia

Forte

et al. 2010

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Reinforced foams were prepared by exposing a polyurethane matrix filled with iron particles to a magnetic field during the foaming process. The magnetic field induced an alignment of the iron particles along the field direction, giving rise to columnar structures similar to fibrils, as observed by SEM and microtomographic 3D reconstructions. The anisotropic reinforcement induced by the fibrils improved the mechanical performances, yielding a threefold increase of both elastic modulus and yield stress in the alignment direction, whereas minor effects were observed in the transversal direction. In this case, the mechanical properties were comparable with those of randomly filled foams or, in some cases, of unfilled foam. The reinforcing efficiency of fibrils was evaluated through a theoretical model, based on the combination of the mechanics of foams with two micromechanical models for aligned short fibers composites (Halpin-Tsai and Cox-Krenchel). The theoretical predictions based on the Halpin-Tsai equations showed a good agreement with the experimental data, whereas the model derived from Cox-Krenchel equations overestimated data.

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“…In closed-cell polyabsorption characteristics of cellular plastics and mers, two components normally contribute to the rubber have been determined by several aumodulus value in compression [9][10][11] : The first is due thors. 14,15 The energy-absorption characteristics of cellular foams have been evaluated by efficiency EPDM 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Silica ---30 30 30 30 ----Carbon black -------3 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 Paraffin oil 2 2 2 9 9 9 9 4 . 5 4 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deformation and energy-absorption characteristics of microcellular EPDM rubber

Guriya

Tripathy

1998

J. Appl. Polym. Sci.

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ABSTRACT:Compressive stress-strain properties of closed-cell microcellular EPDM rubber vulcanizates with and without a filler were studied with the variation of density. For filler variation studies, silica and carbon black (N330) were used. With a decrease in density, the stress-strain curve for microcellular EPDM behaves differently from that for the solid vulcanizates: The curve rises steeply when cell breakdown occurs. The compressive stress-strain properties are found to depend on the strain rate. The compression set at constant stress increases with decreasing density. The energy-absorption behavior was studied from the compressive stress-strain properties. The efficiency, E, and ideality, I, parameters were also determined as they are useful for the evaluation of closed-cell microcellular rubber as a cushioning and packaging material. These parameters were plotted against stress to find the maximum efficiency and maximum ideality region which will make these materials suitable for cushioning or packaging applications.

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Energy‐absorbing characteristics of foamed polymers

Cited by 84 publications

References 4 publications

Sensing strain and damage in polyurethane/MWCNT nano-composite foams using electrical measurements

Sensing strain and damage in polyurethane/MWCNT nano-composite foams using electrical measurements

Anisotropic mechanical behavior of magnetically oriented iron particle reinforced foams

Deformation and energy-absorption characteristics of microcellular EPDM rubber

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