Energy and Chemicals Production from Coal‐based Technologies: A Review

Abstract

Coal, a solid fossil fuel, consists of organic and inorganic matter. Its complex structure contains fused aromatic moieties, constituting a three‐dimensional macromolecular coal structure network. More efficient utilisation technologies are required to ensure coal becomes a considerably cleaner source of energy in the future. Due to the increase in energy, liquid fuels, and combustible gas demands, coal utilisation is necessary for some developing countries such as Pakistan, Turkey, and India. Furthermore, coal is globally being used to produce liquid fuels and combustible gases. The benefits and drawbacks of various Fischer‐Tropsch synthesis catalysts are discussed. For clean coal carbonisation, blends of coal and biomass, which are the current trends in decarbonising the coal industries, should be adopted and the chemistry of coal carbonisation should be investigated further, especially the phenomenon that occurs at the plastic layer (300–550 °C). In addition, the clean co‐gasification technology presented in this work could be adopted and successfully implemented through government and industry initiatives to study and test coal/biomass for co‐gasification and advanced modelling and simulation of the co‐gasification plant.

Weathering of Wood and Rocks and the Role of Coating in Protection

“…Greenhouse gas mitigation technologies are being used for pollution reduction . Developing and underdeveloped countries can use coal to mitigate energy demands and gaps for a period until renewables are attained/adopted [42] . Renewable energy resources are also extensively used [43] .…”

Exploring Land-Cover Types and Their Changes in the Open-Pit Mining Area of Ordos City Using Sentinel-2 Imagery

“…However, due to the exploitation of coal energy, Ordos City is also facing a series of environmental problems. For example, the combustion of coal releases a large number of pollutants such as carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter, which have a significant impact on the quality of the atmosphere [27,28]. Solid waste such as coal gangue and coal ash generated during coal mining and utilization may lead to soil pollution and further affect farmland and ecosystems if not handled properly [29][30][31].…”