Energy and economic evaluation of ex situ aqueous mineral carbonation

Head‐to‐Tail Cyclized Cystine‐Knot Peptides by a Combined Recombinant and Chemical Route of Synthesis

“…The direct aqueous‐phase mineralization of CO 2 with heat‐activated serpentine minerals is a technologically feasible CO 2 fixation solution and arguably the best mineral carbonation process to‐date 1–9. On the other hand, its economic viability remains vague 10.…”

Development of a CO2 Sequestration Module by Integrating Mineral Activation and Aqueous Carbonation

“…Steam treatment corresponded to a 59.4% conversion to magnesite, compared to 7.2% for the untreated serpentine sample. Although these reported results are encouraging, a hightemperature pretreatment stage is prohibitive due to an excessive energy penalty, 300 kWh/ton [11]. Previous studies have reported that heating serpentine minerals to ≈650°C significantly increases their carbonation reactivity, probably due to dehydroxylation, increase in the surface area, and destabilization of the crystal structure [19,20].…”

“…because the basic building block in the olivine structure is isolated SiO 4 -4 tetrahedra, as compared to the more strongly linked SiO 4 -4 tetrahedra in serpentine [9]. Though research continues to be conducted with both minerals, the abundance and wide availability of serpentine make it particularly attractive [10,11]. The natural weathering process is unfortunately limited in extent by slow reaction kinetics.…”

“…The slow kinetics remains an obstacle to large-scale implementation. Accordingly, direct carbonation, in which the minerals react directly with CO 2 , has been abandoned in favor of processes in which the minerals are first dissolved, since the latter have proved to have much faster kinetics than direct carbonation [8,[13][14][15]. During aqueous carbonation, gaseous CO 2 is first dissolved into solution, forming carbonic acid.…”

Assessing geochemical carbon management

“…These estimates are roughly an order of magnitude larger than the costs of geologic disposal by direct injection of CO 2 into the subsurface Beyond the challenges of kinetics and cost, the other critical challenge is the massive volume of mineral material required to supply a sufficient quantity of bases and the associated environmental and economic costs of mining those minerals and disposing of the carbonates. Carbonating all the CO 2 from a 1 GW coal-fired power plant would require ∼55 kt of mineral per day (Gerdemann et al 2007;O'Connor et al 2004a), five to ten times more than the mass of coal consumed by the plant. For a given quantity of electricity, it would be necessary to extract, process and dispose of a mass of silicates and carbonates that are several times larger than the mass of coal.…”