“…Apart from this, an opulent number of studies were also carried out with imidazolium ionic liquid based (IL) nanofluids [ 37 , 38 ], concluding that imidazolium based ILs can be employed as an excellent base fluids due to their salient features like non volatility, high thermal stability, and good interaction with carbon-based nanoparticles [ 39 ]. Plentiful studies are found in the literature that find numerous nanofluids improve the heat transport efficiency of PV/T system [ 40 , 41 , 42 ]. Sardarabadi et al [ 43 ] performed an experimental investigation to check the performance of a PV/T system using water/silica (SiO 2 ) nanofluids with two different concentrations of 1 wt % and 3 wt %.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For different particles concentration ratio varying from 0 to 0.3 vol % of MWCNT, the analyzed results reported that nanofluids with 0.075 vol % of MWCNT exhibited the best performances, reducing the panel temperature by 12 °C that led 83.26% overall system efficiency at maximum incident radiation. In addition, Al 2 O 3 /water, TiO 2 /water [ 45 ], Ag/water [ 42 ], sand-propylene glycol/water [ 46 ], and Fe 3 O 4 /water [ 47 ] were also explored to check their performance in PV/T systems in some studies. Reviewing the findings from literature, it can be attained that all relevant studies mainly focused on the optimization of solar PV/T systems using water-based nanofluid.…”
In recent years, solar energy technologies have developed an emerging edge. The incessant research to develop a power source alternative to fossil fuel because of its scarcity and detrimental effects on the environment is the main driving force. In addition, nanofluids have gained immense interest as superior heat transfer fluid in solar technologies for the last decades. In this research, a binary solution of ionic liquid (IL) + water based ionanofluids is formulated successfully with two dimensional MXene (Ti3C2) nano additives at three distinct concentrations of 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 wt % and the optimum concentration is used to check the performance of a hybrid solar PV/T system. The layered structure of MXene and high absorbance of prepared nanofluids have been perceived by SEM and UV–vis respectively. Rheometer and DSC are used to assess the viscosity and heat capacity respectively while transient hot wire technique is engaged for thermal conductivity measurement. A maximum improvement of 47% in thermal conductivity is observed for 0.20 wt % loading of MXene. Furthermore, the viscosity is found to rise insignificantly with addition of Ti3C2 by different concentrations. Conversely, viscosity decreases substantially as the temperature increases from 20 °C to 60 °C. However, based on their thermophysical properties, 0.20 wt % is found to be the optimum concentration. A comparative analysis in terms of heat transfer performance with three different nanofluids in PV/T system shows that, IL+ water/MXene ionanofluid exhibits highest thermal, electrical, and overall heat transfer efficiency compared to water/alumina, palm oil/MXene, and water alone. Maximum electrical efficiency and thermal efficiency are recorded as 13.95% and 81.15% respectively using IL + water/MXene, besides that, heat transfer coefficients are also noticed to increase by 12.6% and 2% when compared to water/alumina and palm oil/MXene respectively. In conclusion, it can be demonstrated that MXene dispersed ionanofluid might be great a prospect in the field of heat transfer applications since they can augment the heat transfer rate considerably which improves system efficiency.
“…Apart from this, an opulent number of studies were also carried out with imidazolium ionic liquid based (IL) nanofluids [ 37 , 38 ], concluding that imidazolium based ILs can be employed as an excellent base fluids due to their salient features like non volatility, high thermal stability, and good interaction with carbon-based nanoparticles [ 39 ]. Plentiful studies are found in the literature that find numerous nanofluids improve the heat transport efficiency of PV/T system [ 40 , 41 , 42 ]. Sardarabadi et al [ 43 ] performed an experimental investigation to check the performance of a PV/T system using water/silica (SiO 2 ) nanofluids with two different concentrations of 1 wt % and 3 wt %.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For different particles concentration ratio varying from 0 to 0.3 vol % of MWCNT, the analyzed results reported that nanofluids with 0.075 vol % of MWCNT exhibited the best performances, reducing the panel temperature by 12 °C that led 83.26% overall system efficiency at maximum incident radiation. In addition, Al 2 O 3 /water, TiO 2 /water [ 45 ], Ag/water [ 42 ], sand-propylene glycol/water [ 46 ], and Fe 3 O 4 /water [ 47 ] were also explored to check their performance in PV/T systems in some studies. Reviewing the findings from literature, it can be attained that all relevant studies mainly focused on the optimization of solar PV/T systems using water-based nanofluid.…”
In recent years, solar energy technologies have developed an emerging edge. The incessant research to develop a power source alternative to fossil fuel because of its scarcity and detrimental effects on the environment is the main driving force. In addition, nanofluids have gained immense interest as superior heat transfer fluid in solar technologies for the last decades. In this research, a binary solution of ionic liquid (IL) + water based ionanofluids is formulated successfully with two dimensional MXene (Ti3C2) nano additives at three distinct concentrations of 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 wt % and the optimum concentration is used to check the performance of a hybrid solar PV/T system. The layered structure of MXene and high absorbance of prepared nanofluids have been perceived by SEM and UV–vis respectively. Rheometer and DSC are used to assess the viscosity and heat capacity respectively while transient hot wire technique is engaged for thermal conductivity measurement. A maximum improvement of 47% in thermal conductivity is observed for 0.20 wt % loading of MXene. Furthermore, the viscosity is found to rise insignificantly with addition of Ti3C2 by different concentrations. Conversely, viscosity decreases substantially as the temperature increases from 20 °C to 60 °C. However, based on their thermophysical properties, 0.20 wt % is found to be the optimum concentration. A comparative analysis in terms of heat transfer performance with three different nanofluids in PV/T system shows that, IL+ water/MXene ionanofluid exhibits highest thermal, electrical, and overall heat transfer efficiency compared to water/alumina, palm oil/MXene, and water alone. Maximum electrical efficiency and thermal efficiency are recorded as 13.95% and 81.15% respectively using IL + water/MXene, besides that, heat transfer coefficients are also noticed to increase by 12.6% and 2% when compared to water/alumina and palm oil/MXene respectively. In conclusion, it can be demonstrated that MXene dispersed ionanofluid might be great a prospect in the field of heat transfer applications since they can augment the heat transfer rate considerably which improves system efficiency.
“…Aberoumand et al [ 88 ] used Tribute (Ag)/water nanofluid as working fluid in the PV/T system, and exploited its heat and power efficiencies by the electrical explosion of wire (EEW) method. The photos of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are exhibited in Fig.…”
Section: Pv/t With Nanofluidmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Fig. 80 Experimental results at different Ag nanofluid concentrations of 2 and 4 vol%: (a) power output; (b) electrical efficiency; (c) thermal efficiency [ 88 ]. …”
Solar photovoltaic/thermal technology has been widely utilized in building service area as it generates thermal and electrical energy simultaneously. In order to improve the photovoltaic/thermal system performance, nanofluids are employed as the thermal fluid owing to its high thermal conductivity. This paper summarizes the state-of-the-art of the photovoltaic/thermal systems with different loop-pipe configurations (including heat pipe, vacuum tube, roll-bond, heat exchanger, micro-channel, U-tube, triangular tube and heat mat) and nanoparticles (including Copper-oxide, Aluminium-oxide, Silicon carbide, Tribute, Magnesium-oxide, Cerium-oxide, Tungsten-oxide, Titanium-oxide, Zirconia-oxide, Graphene and Carbon). The influences of the critical parameters like nanoparticle optical and thermal properties, volume fraction, mass flux and mass flow rates, on the photovoltaic/thermal system performance are for the optimum energy efficiency. Furthermore, the structure and manufacturing of solar cells, micro-thermometry analysis of solar cells and recycling process of photovoltaic panels are explored. At the end, the standpoints, recommendations and potential future development on the solar photovoltaic/thermal system with various configurations and nanofluids are deliberated to overcome the barriers and challenges for the practical application. This study demonstrates that the advanced photovoltaic/thermal configuration could improve the system energy efficiency approximately 15%–30% in comparison with the conventional type whereas the nanofluid is able to boost the efficiency around 10%–20% compared to that with traditional working fluid.
“…The one-step method of nanofluid preparation was used by Aberoumand [20] to produce an Ag/water nanofluid and use it as coolant for a PV/T collector. Evaluation of both energy and energy was made to examine the PV/T performance.…”
Advanced concepts of hybrid photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) collectors are proposed to improve electrical efficiency and utilize the waste heat as thermal energy. The use of air, water, and combinations of the two are considered traditional techniques. The complexity is raised when using advanced stateof-the-art systems to improve the overall efficiency of PV/T such as employing nanofluids, nano-Phase Change Material (PCM), heat pump and jet impingement. This paper presents a review of novel designs which are proposed in the literature to enhance the performance of PV/T collectors and from it the evaluation criteria is derived. The comparison between different designs could be based on having same pumping power, size, or designs; depending on the element intended for the comparison. The designs also vary according to the bias assigned; whether to improve electrical performance more, or thermal performance. The common aspects observed in the literature are investigations of mass flow rate, impact of solar irradiance, and design parameters such as pipe material, configuration and diameters
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