Energy and exergy assessments of a lime shaft kiln

Exergy analysis of energy‐intensive production processes: advancing towards a sustainable chemical industry

“…Furthermore, in an attempt to evaluate the cement industry in Greece, Koroneos et al observed via an exergy analysis that 50% of exergy losses take place at various stages of the system, with the biggest losses (30.9%) due to the irreversibilities in the preheating of feed and the cooling of the product, while 15.1% of the exergy losses were caused due to the exhaust gases from the combustion of fuel. In addition, due to the features that the cement industry shares with other sectors such as the production of lime, very similar results have been also obtained, with the most irreversible process being the kiln and obtaining more than 10% of efficiency loss due to the exergy lost with the exhaust gases …”

Calcination-free production of calcium hydroxide at sub-boiling temperatures

“…49 The thermal efficiency of a typical vertical shaft kiln – the lime industry standard – is around 60%. 84 Thus, the actual energy consumption of the traditional thermal process is on the order of 4 MJ kg −1 Ca(OH) 2 , 85 and can be substantively larger for rotary lime kilns. 12,84,86…”

Assessments of advanced reactor heat supply to high temperature industrial unit operations: Heat Engines and Heat Pumps

“…At temperature higher than 898°C, the decomposition of limestone happens quickly at atmospheric pressure [44]. In industrial practice, the temperature of furnace is controlled between 1000 °C and 1600 °C for efficient decomposition [16][45] [46].…”