Energy‐aware delay‐constrained routing in wireless sensor networks

Abstract

Abstract. Recent years has witnessed a growing interest in the applications of unattended wireless sensor networks. Typically sensors collect data about their surrounding and forward that data to a gateway (sink). Due to the limitation of the energy supply that these miniaturized sensors have, almost all of the proposed routing protocols have aimed at energy efficiency as the ultimate objective and considered relaying data to a stationary gateway. However, many new issues have been posed by the increasing interest in applications that demand certain quality of service (QoS) guarantees. Such issues even get more challenging when the gateway is mobile. In this paper, we propose an energy-aware approach for routing delay-constrained data. The approach pursues multi-hop packet relaying to minimize transmission energy and employs Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ) packet scheduling methodology along with leaky bucket constrained data sources in order to provide soft real-time guarantees for data delivery. Such employment of WFQ at each node provides a service differentiation between two different classes of traffic, namely real-time and non-real-time traffic and divides the outgoing link capacity among such classes accordingly. In the case of a mobile gateway, uninterrupted data flow for both types of traffic is achieved by dynamic adjustment of the route setup to react to the gateway's departure out of transmission range of relaying nodes. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach for popular performance metrics.

Directional geographical routing for real-time video communications in wireless sensor networks

“…SPEED [35] is an adaptive real-time routing protocol that aims to reduce the end-to-end deadline miss ratio in WSNs. Akkaya et al proposed an energyaware QoS routing protocol to support both best effort and real-time traffic at the same time [36]. The purpose is to meet the end-to-end delay constraint of the real-time traffic while maximizing the throughput of the best effort traffic at the same time.…”

XL-WMSN: cross-layer quality of service protocol for wireless multimedia sensor networks

“…If the velocity requirement cannot be met by any neighbor, then the power level of the node is adjusted to meet the delay constraints. Akkaya and Younis [8] provided differentiated service according to real-time and non-real-time traffic flows. This protocol guarantees energy-efficient paths that meet end-to-end delay requirements.…”

“…This ensures prioritization at the MAC layer. In [5][6][7][8] traditional layered approach is used to provide different solutions for routing, MAC, and rate control, where each layer provides service only to its adjacent higher layer. This provides modularity and transparency between layers which leads to robust protocol design.…”

Real-Time Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey

“…Akkaya et al: [11] proposed an energy-aware delay-constrained routing algorithm for wireless sensor networks which is an energy-aware approach for routing delay-constrained data. The proposed approach is based on the two-step strategy incorporating both link-based costs and delay constraints.…”