“…The electronics energy, E elec , is the energy dissipated per bit to run the transmitter or the receiver circuit, and depends on factors such as the digital coding and modulation, whereas the amplifier energy, ε fs d 2 or ε amp d 4 , depends on the acceptable bit-error rate. In this model, both the free space (d 2 power loss) and the multipath fading (d 4 power loss) channel models were used, depending on the distance between the transmitter and receiver.…”