“…On the other hand, in order to tackle the problem of instability caused by time delay, package loss, and jitter in bilateral teleoperation, the Time Domain Passivity Approach (TDPA) [42] is a reliable choice due to its passivity, robustness, and position synchronization characteristics. TDPA has been widely used in the fields of space teleoperation [4], force control [8], series elastic actuators [27], time-delayed cooperative control [32], and others. Its model-free characteristics allows it to perform better in comparison with other passivity-based approaches [6] while possessing a significantly simpler structure than fuzzy-logic and neural-network based approaches (e. g. [48] and [47]).…”