Energy Capabilties of 5,5'-Azotetrazol-1,1'-Diol and Its Onium Salts as Components of Solid Composite Propellants

Energetic Metal Salts of 3-(5-Amino-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-nitramide: Promising Alternatives for Environmentally Friendly Pyrotechnic Components

“…As a new environment-friendly energetic material with excellent detonation velocity (D = 9698 m•s −1 ), low sensitivity (IS = 20 J), good thermal safety (T d = 221 °C), and clean gaseous products (N 2 ), TKX-50 is regarded as a potential component in melt-cast explosive formulations 8 and propellants. 9,10 Recently, due to environmental pollution, the application of traditional pyrotechnic compositions has been limited, leading to the exploration of the application of nitrogen-rich heterocycle-based materials in the field of pyrotechnics. 11−13 Many traditional pyrotechnic formulations contain various toxic and harmful substances, such as perchlorate, nitrate, and chlorinated organic materials, which release hazardous and poisonous products in the form of gas or smoke during combustion and deflagration, causing pollution to the environment and affecting human health.…”

“…For example, 5-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-3-one (NTO), as insensitive ammunition with high energy ( D = 6880 m·s –1 ), low vulnerability, and enhanced stability, has been used in a variety of explosive charges (including melt-cast explosives and PBX explosives). − Another typical example is dihydroxylammonium 5,5′-bistetrazole-1,1′-diolate (TKX-50). As a new environment-friendly energetic material with excellent detonation velocity ( D = 9698 m·s –1 ), low sensitivity (IS = 20 J), good thermal safety ( T d = 221 °C), and clean gaseous products (N 2 ), TKX-50 is regarded as a potential component in melt-cast explosive formulations and propellants. , Recently, due to environmental pollution, the application of traditional pyrotechnic compositions has been limited, leading to the exploration of the application of nitrogen-rich heterocycle-based materials in the field of pyrotechnics. − Many traditional pyrotechnic formulations contain various toxic and harmful substances, such as perchlorate, nitrate, and chlorinated organic materials, which release hazardous and poisonous products in the form of gas or smoke during combustion and deflagration, causing pollution to the environment and affecting human health. − Given the environmental restrictions, it is highly desirable to develop novel environmentally friendly pyrotechnic compounds and formulations. As nitrogen-rich heterocyclic compounds possess excellent characteristics, such as high nitrogen content, good safety, and non-toxicity, their energetic metal salts (EMSs) quickly become the main approach to designing and preparing new “green” pyrotechnic compositions and formulations. − In contrast to conventional pyrotechnics, these nitrogen-rich heterocyclic EMSs obtain energy from their high heats of formation due to the existence of the nitrogen-rich heterocycles rather than deriving energy from the oxidation process of the carbon backbone. − Moreover, the high energy of these compounds, combined with the large amount of N 2 released during their decomposition, can provide a large flame area, bright fireworks, and ideal color performance.…”