This article proposes a class of high‐order energy‐preserving schemes for the improved Boussinesq equation. To derive the energy‐preserving schemes, we first discretize the improved Boussinesq equation by Fourier pseudospectral method, which leads to a finite‐dimensional Hamiltonian system. Then, the obtained semidiscrete system is solved by Hamiltonian boundary value methods, which is a newly developed class of energy‐preserving methods. The proposed schemes can reach spectral precision in space, and in time can reach second‐order, fourth‐order, and sixth‐order accuracy, respectively. Moreover, the proposed schemes can conserve the discrete mass and energy to within machine precision. Furthermore, to show the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed methods, the proposed methods are compared with the finite difference methods and the finite volume element method. The results of several numerical experiments are given for the propagation of the single solitary wave, the interaction of two solitary waves and the wave break‐up.