Energy dispersive X-ray diffraction as a means to identify illicit materials: A preliminary optimisation study

Cook, Emily; Fong, Ruby; Horrocks, Judith; Wilkinson, David; Speller, Robert

doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2007.02.010

Cited by 58 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Thus, in order to crack down on this criminal activity, developing effective methods and instruments to identify body packing has been widely focused. Energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD) has been shown to be a suitable technique to detect explosives and drugs in baggage [1][2][3][4][5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of heroin covered by skin by using robust principal components analysis

Li¹,

Yu²,

Zhang³

et al. 2011

Measurement

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of heroin covered by skin by using robust principal components analysis

Li¹,

Yu²,

Zhang³

et al. 2011

Measurement

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“…More specifically, in the field of airport security, EDXRD has been suggested for the detection of illicit materials inside suitcases (explosives) and parcels (drugs) (Strecker 1993;Luggar 1995Luggar , 1996aSpeller 1996Speller , 2001). Research has been extended to the classification and identification of drugs (Cook et al 2007(Cook et al , 2009Cook 2008;Griffiths 2008;Koutalonis 2009;Pani 2009) in an environment in which the samples are concealed within a container. With scatter photon throughput approximately three orders of magnitude greater than ADXRD (Harding and Schreiber 1999), EDXRD techniques lead to reduced measurement times for real-time practical applications, such as fast-parcel systems (Drakos 2015).…”

Section: X-ray Diffractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is therefore a motivation for the development of an automated and non-destructive method to investigate the contents of parcels before they are selected for manual examination (Drakos 2015). The need for the development of efficient and relocatable scanners has been expressed by both the European Commission (Magnusson 2003;Lipoti 2003;Rothschild 2003) and by previous research in the field (Cook et al 2007(Cook et al , 2009Griffiths 2008;Koutalonis 2009;Pani 2009). In the interests of efficiency and to minimise disruption through false-positive results, the UK Border Force requires that the duration of initial screening does not exceed 5 min per parcel and be capable of detecting illicit drugs at a minimum threshold of 40% drug purity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multivariate analysis of energy dispersive X-ray diffraction data for the detection of illicit drugs in border control

et al. 2017

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A system using energy dispersive X-ray diffraction has been tested to detect the presence of illicit drugs concealed within parcels typical of those which are imported into the UK via postal and courier services. The system was used to record diffraction data from calibration samples of diamorphine (heroin) and common cutting agents and a partial least squares regression model was established between diamorphine concentration and diffraction spectra. Parcels containing various crystalline and amorphous materials, including diamorphine, were then scanned to obtain multiple localised diffraction spectra and to form a hyperspectral image. The calibration model was used for the prediction of diamorphine concentration throughout the volume of parcels and enabled the presence and location of diamorphine to be determined from the visual inspection of concentration maps. This research demonstrates for the first time the potential of an EDXRD system to generate continuous hyperspectral images of real parcels from volume scanning in security applications and introduces the opportunity to explore hyperspectral image analysis in chemical and material identification. However, more work must be done to make the system ready for implementation in border control operations by bringing down the procedure time to operational requirements and by proving the system's portability.

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“…In order to retrieve the X-ray interference information, both the energy (wavelength) and the scattering angle of the X-rays must be well defined. This can be achieved either by fixing the energy and measuring the angular dependency of the scattered radiation (angular dispersive XRD or ADXRD) or by fixing the scattering angle and measuring the energy dependency or the scattered radiation (EDXRD) [4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy-windowed, pixellated X-ray diffraction using the Pixirad CdTe detector

et al. 2017

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X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a powerful tool for material identification. In order to interpret XRD data, knowledge is required of the scattering angles and energies of X-rays which interact with the sample. By using a pixellated, energy-resolving detector, this knowledge can be gained when using a spectrum of unfiltered X-rays, and without the need to collimate the scattered radiation. Here we present results of XRD measurements taken with the Pixirad detector and a laboratorybased X-ray source. The cadmium telluride sensor allows energy windows to be selected, and the 62 μm pixel pitch enables accurate spatial information to be preserved for XRD measurements, in addition to the ability to take high resolution radiographic images. Diffraction data are presented for a variety of samples to demonstrate the capability of the technique for materials discrimination in laboratory, security and pharmaceutical environments. Distinct diffraction patterns were obtained, from which details on the molecular structures of the items under study were determined.

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Energy dispersive X-ray diffraction as a means to identify illicit materials: A preliminary optimisation study

Cited by 58 publications

References 5 publications

Detection of heroin covered by skin by using robust principal components analysis

Detection of heroin covered by skin by using robust principal components analysis

Multivariate analysis of energy dispersive X-ray diffraction data for the detection of illicit drugs in border control

Energy-windowed, pixellated X-ray diffraction using the Pixirad CdTe detector

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