Energy Distribution Diagram Used for Cost-Effective Battery Sizing of Electric Trucks

Abstract

One possible step for reducing humans’ use of fossil fuel due to transport tasks is to replace diesel trucks with battery electric ones. This paper introduces the energy distribution diagram, which makes it easy to visualise the trucks’ daily energy consumption over their full service life. The energy distribution is used to investigate which driving patterns are suitable for cost-effective battery electric trucks when compared to commercial diesel trucks. It is shown that the battery capacity that results in the lowest cost per kilowatt-hour propulsion energy depends on the driving pattern, and an algorithm for selecting the most cost-effective capacity is presented. In many instances, it was found that battery electric trucks competed favourably with diesel trucks, especially when the trucks had low variations in daily energy consumption. It is beneficial to determine the circumstances under which they may be cheaper, as this will facilitate the transition to battery electric trucks in segments with a reduced overall cost of ownership.

Agent-Based Investigation of Competing Charge Point Operators for Battery Electric Trucks

“…Currently, the oil depletion time is less than 30 years [1], the Earth's climate system has likely been affected [2], and several adverse health impacts have emerged, as expressed in the literature [3]. Battery electric trucks seem to be a part of the solution since several studies have concluded that battery electric trucks could become a cost-efficient, fossil-free alternative to today's commercial diesel trucks [4][5][6][7][8]. The literature shows that the cost-effectiveness of battery electric trucks is sensitive to driving patterns [4], whereas relatively uniform driving patterns are most suitable for electrification [4,9].…”

“…Battery electric trucks seem to be a part of the solution since several studies have concluded that battery electric trucks could become a cost-efficient, fossil-free alternative to today's commercial diesel trucks [4][5][6][7][8]. The literature shows that the cost-effectiveness of battery electric trucks is sensitive to driving patterns [4], whereas relatively uniform driving patterns are most suitable for electrification [4,9]. Hydrogen trucks could also be a part of the solution; however, previous studies mostly favour battery electric trucks [10,11].…”

“…Thus, there is no unambiguous answer to which power train results in the lowest total cost of ownership since it will depend on how the vehicle is used [14]. The literature also highlights other essential factors for cost-effective battery electric vehicles, such as the battery price [15,16] and size [4,17]. Further, the price of public fast charging could strongly impact the cost-effectiveness, battery sizing and charging strategy [5].…”

multi-working condition joint topology optimization design of an electric truck aluminum alloy frame based on subjective and objective interactive weights

“…Over the past few years, automotive manufacturers have prioritized the lightweight construction of electric delivery truck frames and the design of battery compartments (Zhang et al 2020;Zhou et al 2022). Looking ahead, as incentive programs, policy facilitation, and technological advancements continue to evolve, the future of electric delivery trucks appears promising, with a positive outlook (Hovi et al 2019;Nykvist and Olsson 2021;Karlsson and Grauers 2023;Ramirez Ibarra and Saphores 2023).…”

Acceptance Analysis of Electric Heavy Trucks and Battery Swapping Stations in the German Market

“…However, the number of registrations of heavy electric trucks is still very low. Many studies have been published on the technical and economic aspects of electric trucks [3][4][5][6], but there is a lack of information on user acceptance. This paper examines the perception of e-trucks in the German market to provide insight into the acceptance of this technology.…”