Energy dynamics and modeled evapotranspiration from a wet tropical forest in Costa Rica

Loescher, Henry W.; Gholz, Henry L.; Jacobs, Jennifer M.; Oberbauer, Steven F.

doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.03.040

Cited by 85 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…Such non-linear trends may be difficult to disprove, but tropical tree plantations can grow rapidly [53]; quantifying belowground dynamics in a variety of different forest types as they mature and age, within a single rainforest location, can provide valuable insights into the temporal dynamics of belowground processes, about which we know very little. [55]. The native vegetation at this site is species-rich broad-leaved evergreen rainforest that has a high abundance of Pentaclethra macroloba (Willd.)…”

Section: Objectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Temporal Variability of Soil Respiration in Experimental Tree Plantations in Lowland Costa Rica

Raich

2017

Forests

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Abstract:The principal objective of this study was to determine if there is consistent temporal variability in soil respiration from different forest plantations in a lowland tropical rainforest environment. Soil respiration was measured regularly over 2004 to 2010 in replicated plantations of 15-to 20-year-old evergreen tropical trees in lowland Costa Rica. Statistically significant but small differences in soil respiration were observed among hours of the day; daytime measurements were suitable for determining mean fluxes in this study. Fluxes varied more substantially among months, with the highest average emissions (5.9 µmol·m −2 ·s −1 ) occurring in September and low emissions (3.7 µmol·m −2 ·s −1 ) occurring in January. Three of the six tree species had significantly increasing rates of soil respiration across 2004-2010, with fluxes increasing at an average of 0.09 µmol·m −2 ·s −1 per year: the three other species had no long-term trends. It was hypothesized that there would be a tradeoff between carbon allocation aboveground, to produce new leaves, and belowground, to sustain roots and mycorrhizae, but the relationship between canopy leaf fall-a surrogate for canopy leaf flushing-and soil respiration was significantly positive. The similarities observed among temporal trends across plantation types, and significant relationships between soil respiration, soil water content and soil temperature, suggest that the physical environment largely controlled the temporal variability of soil respiration, but differences in flux magnitude among tree species were substantial and consistent across years.

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Section: Objectivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rainfall during this study averaged 4420 mm·year −1 . Annual canopy interception of rain may be as high as 710 mm [55], and transpiration is perhaps 1500 mm. Every time that 1 cm of rain falls, 442 times a year, about 8 mm of water enters the soil, where it advectively displaces 8 liters per m −2 of CO 2 -rich soil atmosphere.…”

Section: Diel Variabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal Variability of Soil Respiration in Experimental Tree Plantations in Lowland Costa Rica

Raich

2017

Forests

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“…ET is necessarily estimated using models, and there is a degree of uncertainty in results. Published reports disagree as to the seasonal and interannual variation of ET (Hutyra et al 2007;Hasler and Avissar 2007;Loescher et al 2005;Heartsill-Scalley et al 2007). We approximately estimated annual ET in the region of the present study in three different ways, based on published model results from tropical regions and local data.…”

Section: Estimation Of Evapotranspirationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…P-M models calculate ET based on expressions of empirically measured relevant local variables, such as leaf area index, albedo, soil moisture, temperature regimes, and so on [see, for example, Loescher et al (2005) and Sumner and Jacobs (2005) for equations involved], in most cases aided by remote sensing information. We calculated a mean annual ET (±se) for tropical watersheds from this compilation.…”

Section: Estimation Of Evapotranspirationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deforestation of watersheds of Panama: nutrient retention and export to streams

et al. 2013

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A series of eight watersheds on the Pacific coast of Panama where conversion of mature lowland wet forest to pastures by artisanal burning provided watershed-scale experimental units with a wide range of forest cover (23, 29, 47, 56, 66, 73, 73, 91, and 92 %). We used these watersheds as a landscape-scale experiment to assess effects of degree of deforestation on within-watershed retention and hydrological export of atmospheric inputs of nutrients. Retention was estimated by comparing rainfall nutrient concentrations (volume-weighted to allow for evapotranspiration) to concentrations in freshwater reaches of receiving streams. Retention of rain-derived nutrients in these Panama watersheds averaged 77, 85, 80, and 62 % for nitrate, ammonium, dissolved organic N, and phosphate, respectively. Retention of rain-derived inorganic nitrogen, however, depended on watershed cover: retention of nitrate and ammonium in pasturedominated watersheds was 95 and 98 %, while fully forested watersheds retained 65 and 80 % of atmospheric nitrate and ammonium inputs. Watershed forest cover did not affect retention of dissolved organic nitrogen and phosphate. Exports from more forested watersheds yielded DIN/P near 16, while pasture-dominated watersheds exported N/P near 2. The differences in magnitude of exports and ratios suggest that deforestation in these Panamanian forests results in exports that affect growth of plants and algae in the receiving stream and estuarine ecosystems. Watershed retention of dissolved inorganic nitrogen calculated from wet plus dry atmospheric deposition varied from 90 % in pasture-to 65 % in forestdominated watersheds, respectively. Discharges of DIN to receiving waters from the watersheds therefore rose from 10 % of atmospheric inputs for pasturedominated watersheds, to about 35 % of atmospheric inputs for fully forested watersheds. These results from watersheds with no agriculture or urbanization, but different conversion of forest to pasture by burning, show significant, deforestation-dependent retention within tropical watersheds, but also ecologically significant, and deforestation-dependent, exports that are biologically significant because of Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article

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“…February, March, and April are the driest months, averaging about 180 mm per month. Annually, evapotranspiration (ET) is about half or slightly more of precipitation [Loescher et al, 2005]. The Sura and Salto are the major streams within LSBS (Figure 2).…”

Section: Site Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing mixing models of old and young groundwater in a tropical lowland rain forest with environmental tracers

Solomon

Genereux

Plummer

et al. 2010

Water Resources Research

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[1] We tested three models of mixing between old interbasin groundwater flow (IGF) and young, locally derived groundwater in a lowland rain forest in Costa Rica using a large suite of environmental tracers. We focus on the young fraction of water using the transient tracers SF 6 He. Because of their unique concentration histories in the atmosphere, combinations of transient tracers are sensitive not only to subsurface travel times but also to mixing between waters having different travel times. Samples fall into three distinct categories: (1) young waters that plot along a piston flow line, (2) old samples that have near-zero concentrations of the transient tracers, and (3) mixtures of 1 and 2. We have modeled the concentrations of the transient tracers using (1) a binary mixing model (BMM) of old and young water with the young fraction transported via piston flow, (2) an exponential mixing model (EMM) with a distribution of groundwater travel times characterized by a mean value, and (3) an exponential mixing model for the young fraction followed by binary mixing with an old fraction (EMM/BMM). In spite of the mathematical differences in the mixing models, they all lead to a similar conceptual model of young (0 to 10 year) groundwater that is locally derived mixing with old (>1000 years) groundwater that is recharged beyond the surface water boundary of the system.

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Energy dynamics and modeled evapotranspiration from a wet tropical forest in Costa Rica

Cited by 85 publications

References 67 publications

Temporal Variability of Soil Respiration in Experimental Tree Plantations in Lowland Costa Rica

Temporal Variability of Soil Respiration in Experimental Tree Plantations in Lowland Costa Rica

Deforestation of watersheds of Panama: nutrient retention and export to streams

Testing mixing models of old and young groundwater in a tropical lowland rain forest with environmental tracers

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