Energy efficiency and carbon dioxide emissions reduction opportunities in the US iron and steel sector

Worrell, Ernst; Price, Lynn; Martin, Nathan

doi:10.1016/s0360-5442(01)00017-2

Cited by 259 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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Section: Deriving Energy Intensities Of Materials Usedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Secondary steel has been estimated to cost between 11.3 [22] and 11.8 GJ/ton [23]. For primary steel derived directly from iron ore the energy cost is estimated to be between 23.4 [22] and 26.0 GJ/ton [23]. According to Worrell [23] there appears to be a decrease in the average energy consumption by the steel industry per ton of product of almost 35% over a couple of years in the early 1980s, which should be considered when calculating the energy cost of a well at least prior to 1982.…”

Section: Deriving Energy Intensities Of Materials Usedmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Energy Return on Energy Invested for Tight Gas Wells in the Appalachian Basin, United States of America

2011

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Abstract:The energy cost of drilling a natural gas well has never been publicly addressed in terms of the actual fuels and energy required to generate the physical materials consumed in construction. Part of the reason for this is that drilling practices are typically regarded as proprietary; hence the required information is difficult to obtain. We propose that conventional tight gas wells that have marginal production characteristics provide a baseline for energy return on energy invested (EROI) analyses. To develop an understanding of baseline energy requirements for natural gas extraction, we examined production from a mature shallow gas field composed of vertical wells in Pennsylvania and materials used in the drilling and completion of individual wells. The data were derived from state maintained databases and reports, personal experience as a production geologist, personal interviews with industry representatives, and literature sources. We examined only the "upstream" energy cost of providing gas and provide a minimal estimate of energy cost because of uncertainty about some inputs. Of the materials examined, steel and diesel fuel accounted for more than two-thirds of the energy cost for well construction. Average energy cost per foot for a tight gas well in Indiana County is 0.59 GJ per foot. Available production data for this natural gas play was used to calculate energy return on energy invested ratios (EROI) between 67:1 and 120:1, which depends mostly on the amount of materials consumed, drilling time, and highly variable production. Accounting for such OPEN ACCESSSustainability 2011, 3 1987 inputs as chemicals used in well treatment, materials used to construct drill bits and drill pipe, post-gathering pipeline construction, and well completion maintenance would decrease EROI by an unknown amount. This study provides energy constraints at the single-well scale for the energy requirements for drilling in geologically simple systems. The energy and monetary costs of wells from Indiana County, Pennsylvania are useful for constructing an EROI model of United States natural gas production, which suggests a peak in the EROI of gas production, has already occurred twice in the past century.

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Section: Deriving Energy Intensities Of Materials Usedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Deriving Energy Intensities Of Materials Usedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy Return on Energy Invested for Tight Gas Wells in the Appalachian Basin, United States of America

2011

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“…Furthermore, the methodology used for this analysis, i.e. construction of the energy CSC and abatement cost curve, is also used by LBNL for the U.S. and China iron and steel industry, Thai and China cement industry as well as the U.S. pulp and paper industry Worrell et al 2001;Hasanbeigi et al 2010a;Hasanbeigi et al 2010b;Hasanbeigi et al 2012a;Hasanbeigi et al 2012b). …”

Section: Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The CSC approach is an analytical tool that captures both the engineering and the economic perspectives of energy conservation (Meier 1982). The curve shows energy conservation potential as a function of the marginal cost of conserved energy (CCE) and has been used to assess energy-efficiency potentials in different industries Worrell et al 2001;Hasanbeigi et al 2010a;Hasanbeigi et al 2010b;Sathaye et al 13 2010; Xu et al 2010;Hasanbeigi et al 2011;Hasanbeigi et al 2012a;Hasanbeigi et al 2012b). The CSC can be developed for a plant, a group of plants, an industry, or an entire economic sector.…”

Section: Energy Conservation Supply Curvesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Energy-Efficiency Opportunities for the Pulp and Paper Industry in China

Kong¹

2013

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The pulp and paper industry in China has been developing rapidly since 2000 with an average annual increase in production of about 12 percent per year through 2010. In 2008, China surpassed the United States to become the world's largest paper producer. China manufactured 11.2 percent of the world's virgin pulp and 24.5 percent of the world's paper in 2010. Although more than 18 million tonnes (Mt) of inefficient production capacity will be phased out during the 12th Five-year Plan (FYP) (2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015), China's total paper production is estimated to grow from 92.7 to 116 Mt during this period.The total final energy consumption of China's pulp and paper industry was 750 petajoules (PJ) in 2007, representing 11 percent of global pulp and paper industry final energy consumption in that year. As energy prices and climate change awareness increase, improving energy efficiency is an effective way for the pulp and paper industry to reduce energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions. During the 11 FYP, the average energy intensity of China's pulp and paper industry dropped by 18 percent. The energy intensity of the pulp and paper industry is predicted to drop by 20 percent by the end of 2015 compared to the intensity in 2010. Nonetheless, a wide gap exists between China and other developed economies in the best available technologies in use in the pulp and paper sector.This study assesses the impact of 23 energy-efficiency measures that could be applied in China's pulp and paper industry. We analyze the fuel-and electricity-efficiency improvement potential of these technologies for the year 2010 using a bottom-up conservation supply curve (CSC) model. The fuel CSC model shows that the cost-effective fuel efficiency improvement potential for China's pulp and paper industry is 179.6 PJ, and the total technical fuel-savings potential is 254.3 PJ. These figures represent 26.8 percent and 38.0 percent, respectively, of total fuel used in China's pulp and paper industry in 2010. The CO 2 emissions reduction potential associated with ii the cost-effective fuel savings is 16.9 Mt CO 2 , and the total technical potential for CO 2 emissions reduction is 24.2 Mt CO 2 . The electricity CSC model shows that the total technical electricityefficiency potential to 2,316 gigawatt-hours (GWh) or 4.3 percent of total electricity use in the pulp and paper industry in 2010. All of the electricity-efficiency potential is cost effective. The CO 2 emissions reduction potential associated with the total electricity savings is 1.8 Mt CO 2 .Sensitivity analyses for adoption rate, discount rate, electricity and fuel prices, investment costs, and the energy savings from each measure show that these parameters have significant influence on the results. Therefore, the results presented in this report should be interpreted with caution.

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“…Some authors presented trends in activity, primary energy and carbon dioxide emissions of the Mexican iron and steel industry, comparing it with five of the largest iron and steel world producers [4]. Some others made similar analysis for the Chinese [5], US [6] and Taiwanese [7] iron and steel industry. Thollander concentrated in Swedish iron foundry, studying the effect of rising electricity prices and quantifying an energy efficiency potential for a medium-sized Swedish iron foundry resulting from a thorough industrial energy audit [8]; other studies of the same Author [9,10] provided an insight into barriers to energy efficiency in European foundries, considering several firm's characteristic (size, technologies adopted, country), and studied energy management practices and the driving forces for improved energy efficiency in the European foundry industry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy audit experiences in foundries

Noro

Lazzarin

2014

Int J Energy Environ Eng

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Steel industry presents one of the highest energy demand of all the industrial sector. Foundries have a really relevant role both in economical terms and as regards the energy demand. The cost of energy represents several percentage points of the overall costs of a foundry. The electricity demand is very high, particularly for the induction melting furnaces. A large amount of thermal energy is obtained both from natural gas combustion and from the coal needed for the process of formation of cast iron in cupolas. Moreover, the plant services must be considered: one very energy consumer is compressed air production. Every factory is different from another so that the proposal of actions of energy savings or thermal recovers requires a detailed study of each plant considering the lay out and analysing the single processes with related energy needs and thermal levels. The co-operation of the University of Padua with the Centro Produttività Veneto allowed to plan a series of energy audits in some foundries located in Vicenza province. The experiences of the first facilities surveys and audits recommendations demonstrated both potential advantage of energy savings and the related difficulties, often due to the high investment costs. Anyhow the joint work of auditing between the university experts and the foundry technicians produced a better awareness on the critical points of the plant and a higher rationality level in the evaluation of investments for the renewable of the machinery. Here, the method of performing the energy audits is described together with the very first results in terms of proposals for energy savings evaluated technically and economically.

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Energy efficiency and carbon dioxide emissions reduction opportunities in the US iron and steel sector

Cited by 259 publications

References 14 publications

Energy Return on Energy Invested for Tight Gas Wells in the Appalachian Basin, United States of America

Energy Return on Energy Invested for Tight Gas Wells in the Appalachian Basin, United States of America

Analysis of Energy-Efficiency Opportunities for the Pulp and Paper Industry in China

Energy audit experiences in foundries

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