Energy efficiency and equity of various urban land use patterns

Sharpe, Ron

doi:10.1016/0304-4009(82)90002-x

Cited by 20 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Built environment patterns sometimes force low-income households to choose locations and structures where they spend a higher share of their incomes on energy which increases their vulnerability to fluctuations in the price of energy [26,43]. A study by Sharpe [44] found that decentralized patterns of development have left the residents of auto-centric suburbs especially vulnerable to increases in the cost of fuel. These fluctuations are particularly troublesome for low-income households who lack the flexibility to absorb an increase in transportation costs without limiting their mobility.…”

Section: The Energy Use and Urban Form Connectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Connecting Regional Governance, Urban Form, and Energy Use: Opportunities and Limitations

Chakraborty

Allred

2015

Curr Sustainable Renewable Energy Rep

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In this article, we explore the links between urban form, land use planning, and energy use. We organize the reviewed literature as follows: (1) potential energy savings from compact development; (2) achieving compact development through land use regulations; and (3) approaches for coordinating land use regulations regionally. We find that while the literature shows a clear link between regional governance, urban form outcomes, and energy use, questions remain on measuring the impact and communicating the degree to which energy use benefits can offset other real and perceived costs associated with greater land use regulation and regional coordination. Our discussion focuses on how researchers, practitioners, and policymakers can better leverage these connections.

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Section: The Energy Use and Urban Form Connectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Connecting Regional Governance, Urban Form, and Energy Use: Opportunities and Limitations

Chakraborty

Allred

2015

Curr Sustainable Renewable Energy Rep

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“…Moreover some studies show that land-use planning aimed at increasing residential density has very limited effects in reducing transport externalities. Sharpe (1982) shows that a tripling of the density of Melbourne would yield only an 11 percent transport energy saving. Schimek (1996) finds that a 10 percent increase in residential density leads to a meager reduction of 0.7 percent in household automobile travel in the United States.…”

Section: Balancing the Criteria In Choosing Instrumentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban Road Transportation Externalities: Costs and Choice of Policy Instruments

Timilsina¹,

Dulal²

2010

The World Bank Research Observer

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“…Pioneering work in the field has also resulted from a long-term involvement in the area by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) in Australia, based largely on use of the TOPAZ modeling system (Brotchie, 1969;Brotchie, Dickey, and Sharpe, 1980;Sharpe, 1978Sharpe, ,1980Sharpe, , 1982 and other references therein). As its name implies (Technique for Op'timal Placement of Activities in Zones), the approach taken in the TOPAZ model is a normative one, using a very general location-allocation modeling system adaptable to a number of different scales of spatial analysis.…”

Section: Survey Of the Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a research context a handful of past studies have also used such models to look specifically at alternative, if rather abstract, energy-efficient urban futures (see Sharpe, 1978Sharpe, ,1980Sharpe, ,1982de la Barra and Rickaby, 1982;Rickaby, 1991;Roy and Marquez, 1993). In the United States the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments and supporting legislation within the 1991 Internodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act have caused recent practice to focus on using such models to forecast future levels of urban air quality (see Putman, 1994, using the DRAM/ITLUP modeling approach; and Watterson, 1993, using modified versions of the DRAM and EMPAL models within the Puget Sound Council of Governments model)?…”

Section: Nature Of Model Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This sort of coordination is now being continued through the SIGl working group within the World Conference on Transportation Research. Anas & Duann (1986), Anas ( 1992 DORTMUND Wegener (1982a,b;,1995a Putman (1983Putman ( ,1991" LILT Mackett (1983,1990a7 1991a Dickey and Leiner (1983), Sharpe (1978Sharpe ( ,1980Sharpe ( ,1982 Mackett (1985), Putman (1983Putman ( ,1991, and Wegener (1994Wegener ( , 1995b. These sources were supplemented by a further literature search and through contacts with a number of the field's leading model developers.…”

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confidence: 99%

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A technical review of urban land use - transportation models as tools for evaluating vehicle travel reduction strategies

Southworth¹

1995

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This report has been reproduced directly from the best available copy.Available to DOE EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe continued growth of highway traffic in the United States has led to unwanted urban traffic congestion as well as to noticeable urban air quality problems. These problems include emissions covered by the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) and 199 1 Internodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA), as well as carbon dioxide and related "greenhouse gas" emissions. Urban travel also creates a major demand for imported oil. Therefore, for economic as well as environmental reasons, transportation planning agencies at both the state and metropolitan area level are focussing a good deal of attention on urban travel reduction policies. Much discussed policy instruments include those that encourage fewer trip starts, shorter trip distances, shifts to higher-occupancy vehicles or to nonvehicular modes, and shifts in the timing of trips from the more to the less congested periods of the day or week. Some analysts have concluded that in order to bring about sustainable reductions in urban traffic volumes, significant changes will be necessary in the way our households and businesses engage in daily travel. Such changes are likely to involve changes in the ways we organize and use traffic-generating and-attracting land within our urban areas. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the ability of current analytic methods and models to support both the evaluation and possibly the design of such vehicle travel reduction strategies, including those strategies involving the reorganization and use of urban land.The review is organized into three sections. Section 1 describes the nature of the problem we are trying to model, Section 2 reviews the state of the art in operational urban land use-transportation simulation models, and Section 3 provides a critical assessment of such models as useful urban transportation planning tools. A number of areas are identified where further model development or testing is required. The following is a synopsis of each section of the review.Section 1 of the review describes the considerable technical difficulties associated with identifying the causes and directions of urban traffic growth. It is concluded that to be effective, transportation planning needs to bring together an understanding of (1) how the transportation sector operates, (2) how trfic-generating and attracting land is developed, (3) how other technologies affect the demands for travel, (4) how modem companies make their siting and site relocation decisions, and (5) how the modem industrial lifestyles of today's households affect, and are in turn affected by, each of the above. Besides the complex conceptual issues involved, challenging practical issues result from the need to handle large amounts of spatially explicit data, and the need to consider a wide range of possible, and sometimes competing transportation control measures (TCM). Significant, sustainable, and socially acceptable travel reduction strategi...

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Energy efficiency and equity of various urban land use patterns

Cited by 20 publications

References 5 publications

Connecting Regional Governance, Urban Form, and Energy Use: Opportunities and Limitations

Connecting Regional Governance, Urban Form, and Energy Use: Opportunities and Limitations

Urban Road Transportation Externalities: Costs and Choice of Policy Instruments

A technical review of urban land use - transportation models as tools for evaluating vehicle travel reduction strategies

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