Energy Efficiency Improving of Construction Ceramics, Applying Polymer Waste

Lanthanum oxide application for modifying the properties of chemically resistant ceramics produced with Galvanic Sludge additive

“…Besides the introduction of galvanic sludge over 5 wt. % causes the strength decrease and water absorption increase as heavy metal hydroxides and calcium carbonate, being a part of galvanic sludge, decompose during ceramics firing with the formation of water vapor and carbon dioxide, which increase porosity [1,2]. In this regard, the research experiments were carried out using the charge compositions, containing 5 wt.…”

“…The main component for the developed ceramics bricks production was the clay from Suvorotskoye deposit in the Vladimir region of the following composition (wt. that is why in compliance with state standard GOST 9169-75 it refers low plasticity clay and the materials produced on its basis without any functional additives are characterized by poor strength, high water absorption and crack formation on the surface and in depth [1,9]. For producing the liquid-phase sintering and selfglazing effect, boric acid of grade B of the 2nd grade, containing the main substance in an amount of at least 98.6 % wt.…”

“…Chemically resistant ceramics is characterized by heat resistance, high mechanical strength, low water absorption, water and gas tightness alongside the resistance to aggressive media at both normal and elevated temperature. These properties are ensured by raw materials properties and firing at temperatures over 1200 o C. An additional improvement of chemical and heat resistance, and water absorption decrease are provided by the glazing layer on the products surface for some types of chemically resistant ceramics [1,2].…”

“…Boric acid was found to provide borosilicate amorphous phase formation characterized by acid resistance and heat resistance, but heavy metal oxides formed during firing from galvanic sludge, along with lanthanum oxide, further increase ceramics acid and heat resistance. The combined introduction of these additives facilitates the effects of surface self-glazing and in depth glazing [1]. The authors achieved self-glazing and glazing effects of ceramics in other works, thus increasing heat resistance, strength and frost resistance, and reducing water absorption of the products [5][6][7][8].…”

“…The combined introduction of these additives facilitates the effects of surface self-glazing and in depth glazing [1]. The authors achieved self-glazing and glazing effects of ceramics in other works, thus increasing heat resistance, strength and frost resistance, and reducing water absorption of the products [5][6][7][8].…”