Energy efficiency with the application of Virtual Arrival policy

Environmental upgrading in global value chains: The potential and limitations of ports in the greening of maritime transport

“…With a guaranteed berth upon arrival the ship can slow steam, avoid idle anchor time, and reduce GHG and air pollution at sea (Eide et al, 2011, Gibbs et al, 2014, Johnson and Styhre, 2015. Jia et al (2017) estimated a GHG saving potential from 7% to 19% from reduction in 'excess' port time for crude oil tankers. Another estimate shows that a round-trip from Shanghai to Rotterdam, slow steaming instead of regular steaming, would bring a reduction in CO2 emissions of 5,000 metric tons (Golias et al, 2010).…”

A Review of Game Theory Applications for Seaport Cooperation and Competition

“…It is a process that is applied when delay at the port is known for vessels to reduce their speeds to meet the required arrival time at the port. A study by Jia et al [41] found that the implementation of a Virtual Arrival policy could benefit both the ship operators and port authorities, which could result in fuel savings for ship operators and emission reductions for both parties by reducing port wait times. Jia et al [41] suggested that further research should investigate the adoption of Virtual Arrival policy through the creation of new contractual arrangements that would share the fuel savings gained from Virtual Arrival implementation between shipowners, charterers, and port authorities.…”

Reducing Shipping Greenhouse Gas Emissions

“…Modelling indicates that virtual arrival policies could bring large benefits in terms of emission reductions. Jia et al (2017) indicate that reduction of idling time in ports could bring fuel savings from 7% (with 25% reduction of 'excess' port time) to 19% (with reduction of all inefficiencies in ports). This corresponds to USD 39 000 to 105 000 per voyage.…”

“…This corresponds to USD 39 000 to 105 000 per voyage. If 50% of the estimated waiting time could be avoided, the consequential slow-down in average sailing speeds could lead to an average reduction of 422 tonnes of CO 2 per voyage (Jia et al 2017). A study on EU ports in the Baltic Sea concluded that the potential benefits in that region of green approachesthat is: speed adjustments instead of anchoringcould reduce fuel consumption by EUR 27 million per year in a scenario where 15 000 anchorings by ships waiting for berth are replaced by a green approach 12 hours prior to arrival, reducing speed by 25% (Andersson & Ivehammar, 2017).…”

“…the benefits from virtual arrival would accrue to ship-owners, whereas it involves a lot of work for a port authority to arrange for a smooth arrival. It would be important in this respect to explore how a virtual arrival policy could be designed in such a way that interests from shipowners, charterers and port authorities are alignedthat is: how fuel savings from implementation of virtual arrivaland from reduction of waiting times more generally -could be shared among stakeholders (Jia et al 2017). Development of win-win benefit sharing schemes could be explored that might be rolled out globally.…”