Energy-efficient on-demand reprogramming of large-scale sensor networks

Abstract

As sensor networks operate over long periods of deployment in difficult to reach places, their requirements may change or new code may need to be uploaded to them. The current state of the art protocols (Deluge and MNP) for network reprogramming perform the code dissemination in a multi-hop manner using a three way handshake whereby meta-data is exchanged prior to code exchange to suppress redundant transmissions. The code image is also pipelined through the network at the granularity of pages. In this paper we propose a protocol called Freshet for optimizing the energy for code upload and speeding up the dissemination if multiple sources of code are available. The energy optimization is achieved by equipping each node with limited non-local topology information, which it uses to determine the time when it can go to sleep since code is not being distributed in its vicinity. The protocol to handle multiple sources provides a loose coupling of nodes to a source and disseminates code in waves each originating at a source, with mechanism to handle collisions when the waves meet. The protocol's performance with respect to reliability, delay, and energy consumed, is demonstrated through analysis, simulation, and implementation on the Berkeley mote platform.

Energy-efficient Reprogramming of Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks

“…However, in ad-hoc networks where the topology is not centrally managed, algorithms such as MSP (Kulkarni and Wang, 2009) or Freshet (Krasniewski et al, 2008) are suitable for managing the propagation of commands, and would complement the techniques presented in this chapter.…”

Efficient Homomorphic Hashing Approach for Secure Reprogramming in Wireless Sensor Networks

“…Several reprogramming protocols [2], [3], [4] have been proposed for WSNs. Deluge [2] is currently the benchmark reprogramming protocol since it has been included in TinyOS distributions, making it easily accessible by the WSN community.…”

SYNAPSE++: Code Dissemination in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Fountain Codes

“…Classical schemes for reprogramming WSNs [1], [2], [3], [4] use sophisticated error recovery algorithms that rely on a selective NACK-based retransmission approach. While these intelligently handle the selection of senders and feature special mechanisms for feedback suppression (of, e.g., ARQ NACKs), for increasing node density they are however affected by the so-called feedback implosion problem [5], i.e., control messages in this case collide with high probability thus dramatically impacting the performance.…”