Energy, environment and development in Bhutan

Land use transitions: Socio-ecological feedback versus socio-economic change

“…This increase took place despite an average population growth rate of 3%, with only 21% of the total population living in urban areas in 2003, and an agricultural sector still representing 33% of GDP. Fuelwood accounts for over three-quarters of total energy consumption and nearly all non-commercial energy consumption (Uddin et al, 2007). The forest legislation of Bhutan imposes that a minimum forest cover of 60% is maintained permanently at a national scale.…”

“…The forest legislation of Bhutan imposes that a minimum forest cover of 60% is maintained permanently at a national scale. The Forest Policy of Bhutan (1991) and the Bhutan Forest and Nature Conservancy Act (1995) have translated in the legislation the principles of sustainable management of forests, biodiversity conservation, and social forestry (Uddin et al, 2007). More than 27% of the country's area was managed as protected areas in 2005.…”

Pro-environmental attitudes of users and non-users of fuelwood in a rural area of Greece

“…Biomass is one of the most important renewable energy sources that can effectively cater for the energy needs of modern society in both developed and developing countries [2][3][4]1,5]. A very important source of biomass is wood and especially fuelwood [3].…”

Forest Transition in Vietnam and Bhutan: Causes and Environmental Impacts

“…The rest of the population depends on agriculture, with the agricultural sector still representing 33% of GDP in 2002. Fuelwood accounts for over three-quarters of total energy consumption and nearly all non-commercial energy consumption (Uddin et al 2007). Private and commercial forest users can extract small amounts of wood from government-owned forests at no charge, which creates a risk of unsustainable forest exploitation.…”