“…The Water engineering problems have been addressed and studied by a number of papers, where the water-energy nexus has been most significantly investigated (Urbaniec et al 2016). The water-energy nexus studies investigated the desalination unit and the heat transfer inside of its preheater system (Hamid et al 2014), the geometry optimization of oscillating water column for wave energy converters (Ulazia, et al 2020), optimization of net power density in reverse electrodialysis (Ciofalo et al 2019), optimization of modular system for power generation from a salinity gradient (Altaee and Cipolina 2019), optimization of water-energy nexus in shale gas exploration (Oke et al 2019), optimization of a polygeneration system producing heat, cool and fresh water (Calise et al 2019), combining of the heat exchanger network and water network (Ahmetović et al 2014), and in the later study by Ibrić et al (2016), optimization of hot water production in different climates using solar thermal collectors (Kalogirou et al 2019), a novel geothermal energy system for wastewater and sludge treatment (Di Fraia et al 2019).…”