Energy intake and growth of infants in Iceland—a population with high frequency of breast-feeding and high birth weight

Atladóttir, Hjördís Ósk; Þórsdóttir, Inga

doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601078

Cited by 60 publications

(96 citation statements)

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“…Wharf et al (1997) reported higher iron stores in girls than boys, concluding that it could possibly reflect the faster absolute growth rate of boys than girls. This difference in growth between the genders disappears in the study population when incremental growth was calculated as a ratio of birth size (Atladottir & Thorsdottir, 2000), hence, the difference in iron status between the genders cannot be explained by growth difference alone. This is supported by Domellof et al (2002), which concluded that gender difference in MCV and serum ferritin values in infancy might be due to genetic and hormonal factors rather than differences in growth rate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…The participants were randomly assigned to each group. There were no major differences between the control group and the study group, suggesting that participation in the longitudinal study did not affect the dietary intake (Atladottir & Thorsdottir, 2000). In this population of high economic standard the parents provided information about socio-economic variables, such as their age, education, occupation, smoking status, family income and the number of siblings.…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They were completed by the infant's parents or carers and covered at least 24 h. Weighed food records covering 48 h at the ages of 6, 9 and 12 months were used to study the amount of food and nutrient intake in relation to iron status at 12 months of age. All food ingested was then weighed on accurate scales (Philips HR 2385, Austria), and the infants were weighed before and after breast-feeding (Tanita 1581, Japan) to estimate the volume of breast milk consumed (Atladottir & Thorsdottir, 2000). .…”

Section: Food Recordsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Exclusive breast-feeding for longer than 6 months has been related to an increased risk of developing iron deficiency (Siimes et al, 1984). However, breast-feeding during the latter half of the first year influences growth as breast-fed infants have lower energy intake and gain less weight (Atladottir & Thorsdottir, 2000;Nielsen et al, 1998), and that might be hypothesized to lead to improved iron status.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is of great concern and theoretical interest how the frequent use of cow's milk for infants in the latter half of the first year (Atladottir & Thorsdottir, 2000) affects the iron status at the age of 12 months in this population of high birth weight with a high frequency of breast-feeding. On the other hand, cow's milk is known to negatively influence the iron status in infants (Fuchs et al, 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Iron status at 12 months of age — effects of body size, growth and diet in a population with high birth weight

et al. 2003

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Objective: To investigate effects of growth and food intake in infancy on iron status at the age of 12 months in a population with high birth weight and high frequency of breast-feeding. Design: In a longitudinal observational study infants' consumption and growth were recorded. Weighed 2 day food records at the ages of 6, 9 and 12 months were used to analyse food and nutrient intake. Setting: Healthy-born participants were recruited from four maternity wards. Blood samples and growth data were collected from healthcare centres and food consumption data at home. Subjects: Newborn infants (n ¼ 180) were selected randomly according to the mother's domicile and 77% (n ¼ 138) participated, of them, 83% (n ¼ 114), or 63% of original sample, came in for blood sampling. Results: Every fifth child was iron-deficient (serum ferritin < 12 mg=l and mean corpuscular volume < 74 fl) and 2.7% were also anaemic (Hb < 105 g=l). Higher weight gain from 0 to 12 months was seen in infants who were iron-deficient at 12 months (6.7 AE 0.9 kg) than in non-iron-deficient infants (6.2 AE 0.9 kg) (P ¼ 0.050). Serum transferrin receptors at 12 months were positively associated with length gain from 0 to 12 months (adjusted r 2 ¼ 0.14; P ¼ 0.045) and mean corpuscular volume negatively to ponderal index at birth (adjusted r 2 ¼ 0.14; P ¼ 0.019) and 12 months (adjusted r 2 ¼ 0.17; P ¼ 0.006). Irondeficient infants had shorter breast-feeding duration (5.3 AE 2.2 months) than non-iron-deficient (7.9 AE 3.2 months; P ¼ 0.001). Iron status indices were negatively associated with cow's milk consumption at 9 -12 months, significant above 460 g=day, but were positively associated with iron-fortified breakfast cereals, fish and meat consumption. Conclusions: In a population of high birth weight, iron deficiency at 12 months is associated with faster growth and shorter breast-feeding duration from 0 to 12 months of age. The results suggest that a diet of 9 -12-month-olds should avoid cow's milk above 500 g=day and include fish, meat and iron-fortified breakfast cereals to improve iron status.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Food Recordsmentioning

confidence: 99%