Energy intake and sources of energy intake in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition

Abstract

Objectives: To describe energy intake and its macronutrient and food sources among 27 regions in 10 countries participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Methods: Between 1995 and 2000, 36 034 subjects aged 35-74 years were administered a standardized 24-h dietary recall. Intakes of macronutrients (g/day) and energy (kcal/day) were estimated using standardized national nutrient databases. Mean Correspondence: Dr MC Ocké, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands. E-mail: marga.ocke@rivm.nl Guarantor: MC Ocké. Contributors: MO carried out statistical analysis, prepared tables and figures and wrote the paper, taking into account comments from all co-authors. NS was the overall coordinator of this project and of the EPIC nutritional databases (ENDB) project. MO, NS, NL, SG, SB, PF, SS, VB, JL and EW were members of the writing group and gave input on statistical analysis, drafting of the paper and interpretation of results. The other co-authors were local EPIC collaborators involved in the collection of data, and in documenting, compiling and evaluating the subset of their national nutrient databases used in the ENDB. ER is the overall coordinator of the EPIC study. All co-authors provided comments and suggestions on the paper and approved the final version. intakes were weighted by season and day of the week and were adjusted for age, height and weight, after stratification by gender. Extreme low-and high-energy reporters were identified using Goldberg's cutoff points (ratio of energy intake and estimated basal metabolic rate o0.88 or 42.72), and their effects on macronutrient and energy intakes were studied. Results: Low-energy reporting was more prevalent in women than in men. The exclusion of extreme-energy reporters substantially lowered the EPIC-wide range in mean energy intake from 2196-2877 to 2309-2866 kcal among men. For women, these ranges were 1659-2070 and 1873-2108 kcal. There was no north-south gradient in energy intake or in the prevalence of low-energy reporting. In most centres, cereals and cereal products were the largest contributors to energy intake. The food groups meat, dairy products and fats and oils were also important energy sources. In many centres, the highest mean energy intakes were observed on Saturdays. Conclusions: These data highlight and quantify the variations and similarities in energy intake and sources of energy intake among 10 European countries. The prevalence of low-energy reporting indicates that the study of energy intake is hampered by the problem of underreporting.

High perceived stress is associated with unfavorable eating behavior in overweight and obese Finns of working age

“…It may be possible that these measures were incapable to detect the outcomes of certain features of eating behavior. For example, emotional eating may lead to overeating (Wallis & Hetherington, 2009), but those overeating occasions may have not occurred during the recorded 48 h. Furthermore, Fridays and Saturdays were not included to the interviews which may have influenced our results, as energy intake typically increases on weekends (Ock e et al, 2009;Racette et al, 2008). Long-term stress among working-age people may increase eating after the workweek, on Friday evenings and Saturdays.…”

Intake of total, animal and plant proteins, and their food sources in 10 countries in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition

“…The contribution to the total energy of protein of unknown origin was very marginal in all centres (0.3-1.5%en). More details on main nutrient energy sources are provided in a separate paper (Ocké et al, 2009). …”

Seasonal variation in food intake and the interaction effects of sex and age among adults in southern Brazil

“…The seasons have previously been considered to be confounding factors, and weighted 247 analysis could be an appropriate approach (37,38). However, the interaction effect 248 might buffer or exacerbate the truth effect (39,40).…”

“…were not linear with age (20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49), and 60 + years old, respectively). There was a 32 linear and significant increase of vegetable intake for women, whereas the variation was 33 non-linear and of lesser magnitude for men (4).…”