Energy management of DVS-DPM enabled embedded systems powered by fuel cell-battery hybrid source

Abstract

Dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) and dynamic power management (DPM) are the two main techniques for reducing the energy consumption of embedded systems. The effectiveness of both DVS and DPM needs to be considered in the development of an energy management policy for a system that consists of both DVS-enabled and DPM-enabled components. The characteristics of the power source also have to be explicitly taken into account. In this paper, we propose a policy to maximize the operational lifetime of a DVS-DPM enabled embedded system powered by a fuel cell-battery (FC-B) hybrid source. We show that the lifetime of the system is determined by the fuel consumption of the fuel cell (FC), and that the fuel consumption can be minimized by a combination of a load energy minimization policy and an optimal fuel flow control policy. The proposed method, when applied to a randomized task trace, demonstrated superior performance compared to competing policies based on DVS and/or DPM.

A systematic literature review on electricity management systems

“…Articles that meet the exclusion criteria were removed from the list. Articles [68,69] were excluded from the final list on the basis of criteria discussed above.…”

Minimizing expected energy consumption through optimal integration of DVS and DPM

“…First, we note that for each sub-problem that targets minimizing the expected energy consumption E h (f ) = Ea 1 ,..,am (f ) corresponding to a specific a 1 ,a 2 ,..,a i ,..am combination, the frequency range constraints (20)- (22) can be captured in a single constraint of the form:…”

“…While the research efforts that focus on only on DVS or DPM are many, solutions that propose integrating both policies under a unified framework are relatively few [4,5,8,13,20]. Authors in [13] apply a stochastic DPM policy by using the different DVS voltage levels as multiple active power modes.…”

“…Authors in [13] apply a stochastic DPM policy by using the different DVS voltage levels as multiple active power modes. The work in [20] proposes a DVS-DPM policy that maximizes the operational lifetime of an embedded system powered by a fuel cell based hybrid power source. The frequency scaling level is chosen in [8] by investigating the trade-offs between the DVS-enabled CPU and the DPM-enabled devices.…”

Data Transmission with the Battery Utilization Maximization

“…The research on energy-efficient designs highly depends on the characteristics of batteries and their usages. In this respect, researchers have proposed excellent results on battery models (e.g., [15][16]), recover behaviors (e.g., [10]), fuel batteries (e.g., [17]), multi-battery usages (e.g., [18]), etc.…”