Energy management optimization in consideration of battery deterioration for commuter plug-in hybrid electric vehicle

Battery‐lifetime‐conscious energy management strategy based on SP‐SDP for commuter plug‐in hybrid electric vehicles

“…Thus, it is more important and more complicated to manage the energy distribution between the two drivetrains for a PHEV than for an HEV, since the objectives of the energy management are not only to minimize the fuel and electricity consumption but also to prolong the battery lifetime to achieve overall cost reduction from the consumer's perspective due to associated ownership and warranty costs. An appropriate EMS for PHEVs should possess the ability of improving the fuel economy, decreasing the operation cost, and prolonging the battery life without sacrificing the driving performance, which have been focused by some efforts recently. Such energy management considering the battery lifetime belongs to the multi‐objective optimization problem, which has to trade off the two conflicting objectives, namely the minimization of fuel/electricity consumption, and the minimization of battery lifetime degradation.…”

“…Reference proposed a control strategy consisting of the primary power split minimizing the fuel and electricity consumption and the modified power split involving the consideration of battery lifetime degradation. References investigated supervisory control algorithms that optimally trade off battery aging with energy consumption cost, which adopted a weight factor to convert the multi‐objective optimization problem into a single‐objective optimal problem; then the control problem was solved using Pontryagins minimum principle or stochastic dynamic programming . As noted in Ref.…”

“…The previous work in Ref. has converted the energy management problem with the minimization of the battery lifetime degradation into an infinite‐horizon SDP problem with a constant discount factor, and solved this problem by a modified policy iteration algorithm. However, admittedly, the discounted cost criterion is chosen for expediency and is difficult to justify on engineering grounds.…”

“…The main goal of this paper is to extend and connect the previous research on the commuter PHEV power management with the consideration of the battery lifetime by presenting the two contributions. First, the formulation of a SP‐SDP problem is detailed for a multi‐objective optimization of the energy management that seeks to manage power flow in a power‐split PHEV to minimize both energy consumption cost and battery lifetime degradation.…”

“…Second, the solution to this SP‐SDP problem is given by a policy iteration algorithm, and simulation‐based comparison results with Ref. are presented and analyzed to evaluate the benefits of the proposed strategy. The rest of this paper is organized as follows.…”