Energy-optimal Design and Control of Electric Vehicles' Transmissions

Abstract

This paper presents models and optimization algorithms to jointly optimize the design and control of the transmission of electric vehicles equipped with one central electric motor (EM). First, considering the required traction power to be given, we identify a convex speed-dependent loss model for the EM. Second, we leverage such a model to devise computationally-efficient algorithms to determine the energyoptimal design and control strategies for the transmission. In particular, with the objective of minimizing the EM energy consumption on a given drive cycle, we analytically compute the optimal gear-ratio trajectory for a continuously variable transmission (CVT) and the optimal gear-ratio design for a fixed-gear transmission (FGT) in closed form, whilst efficiently solving the combinatorial joint gear-ratio design and control problem for a multiple-gear transmission (MGT), combining convex analysis and dynamic programming in an iterative fashion. Third, we validate our models with nonlinear simulations, and benchmark the optimality of our methods with mixed-integer quadratic programming. Finally, we showcase our framework in a case-study for a family vehicle, whereby we leverage the computational efficiency of our methods to jointly optimize the EM size via exhaustive search. Our numerical results show that by using a 2-speed MGT, the energy consumption of an electric vehicle can be reduced by 3% and 2.5% compared to an FGT and a CVT, respectively, whilst further increasing the number of gears may even be detrimental due to the additional weight.

Charging Ahead or Running on Fumes? A ’Totally Unbiased’ Look at Electric, Hydrogen, HVO, and Those Old-School Petrol Cars

“…On the other hand, vehicles like the Mercedes C 300 d 4MATIC and Mercedes C 200 4MATIC, which rely on diesel and gasoline respectively, have their own sets of advantages and challenges. The energy-optimal design and control of transmissions in electric vehicles can lead to a reduction in energy consumption by 3% and 2.5% compared to fixed-gear transmission and continuously variable transmission, respectively [21].…”

“…However, traditional gasoline and diesel vehicles, represented by the Mercedes models, are not to be discounted. With advancements in transmission design and control, these vehicles can achieve comparable energy efficiencies [21]. The choice of propulsion system, therefore, depends on various factors, including regional incentives, infrastructure availability, and individual driving patterns.…”

A Model Predictive Control Scheme for Fast Charging via Accurate Quadratic Battery Models

“…Surrogate quadratic models have been used in a variety of engineering simulations to model and optimize surrogate models. In the automotive field, they have been leveraged to optimize the operation of electric motors in conventional [32], micromobility [33] and racing applications [34], [35] via convex optimization without, however, accounting for battery thermal and degradation phenomena.…”