Two major factors contribute to the sustainability of buildings: material efficiency and energy efficiency. Material efficiency relates to the use of environmental-friendly materials and to the minimization of construction waste materials, either during construction and at the end-of-life stage of the building. Energy efficiency is currently understood as the optimization of the energy used during the operation stage of the building. This entails the energy needed for heating, cooling, lighting, etc. Often in order to improve the energy needs of a building, more insulation material is used, thus leading to a trade-off between embodied energy and operational energy. It is the aim of this paper to analyse and discuss the balance between the embodied energy and the operational energy for various levels of insulation, over its life cycle. The operational energy is estimated based on the simplified approach provided by the Portuguese Code of practice. The estimated operational energy is then balanced against the life cycle embodied energy of the system. Finally, the simplified approach for the calculation of the operational energy is confronted to more sophisticated dynamic simulations using the software EnergyPlus.Keywords: Energy efficiency, Light steel residential buildings, Thermal insulation, Life-cycle energy analysis, Embodied energy, Operational energy
INTRODUCTIONBuildings are one of the major concerns regarding the sustainability of our habitat. The construction industry consumes materials and energy and is one of the main causes of pollution and resource depletion. According to the EU Communication "Towards a thematic strategy on the urban environment"
(…)"The construction sector is of vital importance in our society and is a major contributor to socio-economic development in every country.As the largest and most fragmented industry, the construction sector faces huge challenges in the pursuit of sustainability. Sustainable construction is a way for the industry to move towards achieving sustainable development, taking into account environmental, socio-economic and cultural issues. Sustainable construction ensures more economical use of finite raw materials and reduces and above all prevents the accumulation of pollutants and waste over the complete cycle of the building. Therefore, the use of environmentally friendly materials, cleaner construction