“…In recent years, there are further studies, such as Boardman (2010), Chawla and Pollitt (2013), Hills (2011Hills ( , 2012, Moore (2012), and Waddams Price et al (2012). There is also literature on other European Union (EU) countries such as Austria (Brunner et al, 2012), Germany (Schuessler, 2014;Heindl and Schuessler, 2015), Spain (Phimister et al, 2015), and a comparative study across the EU (Thomson and Snell, 2013), whereas there are almost no studies outside the European countries, such as in Japan. 4 increased the energy costs in recent years, which are passed on to the households in the form of higher energy prices, especially for electricity.…”