Energy regionalism and diffusion in Africa: How political actors created the ECOWAS Center for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency

Who Drives the Transition to a Renewable-Energy Economy? Multi-Actor Perspective on Social Innovation

“…The current study, however, excludes the influence of the 'third' sector for the following reasons: this sector includes various stakeholders that differ substantially across the literature; even though the 'third' sector can be regarded as having specific interests-mainly those of non-governmental (NGOs) and other non-profit organizations (NPOs) combined in different various ways-it is problematic to measure the influence of the third sector comprehensively; at the conceptual level, it is nevertheless feasible to measure the influence of each actor within the 'third' sector. Indeed NGOs, as a representative of the 'third' sector, are a prominent actor that substantially affects energy transition [35,36]. However, measurements of their influence have been inconsistent in the extant literature (i.e., measurements can be based the number of reports published by NGOs [37], NGO funding [38], the workforce employed by the NGO, etc.).…”

“…Wüstenhagen et al [41] × × × Hancock [35] × × × Betsill and Stevis [24] × × × Michalena and Hills [32] × × × × Hills and Michalena [33] × × Mazzucato and Semieniuk [34] × × × Park [42] × × × Notes: Government includes states, governments, public agencies, politicians, policy-makers, bureaucrats, local governments and sub-governmental organizations, etc. ; Public includes communities, households, families, residents, neighbors, civil societies, community groups and academia, etc.…”

The expanding horizon of renewable energy in sub-Saharan Africa: Leading research in the social sciences

“…Colenbrander, et al find that the PhD programs that train engineers for renewable energy technologies suffer from a number of shortcomings, suggesting an area where donors can make a significant difference [25]. Hancock finds that some innovative programs have started through the ECOWAS Center for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE), using an online program to link engineers in West Africa with engineers at Columbia University in New York [26]. Haselip et al find similar issues in working with small and medium-sized enterprises.…”

“…Giner-Reichl, Hancock, and Saadi et al focus on the role that regional organizations and infrastructure can play in increasing sustainable energy production and efficient use [26,29,30]. Saadi et al find that linking together the East African and Southern African power pools, via their respective regional electricity grids, allowing for the buying and selling of energy between states from Egypt to South Africa, would allow hydro and wind power to be more evenly distributed among states [30].…”

An Assessment of Grid-Charged Inverter-Battery Systems for Domestic Applications in Ghana

“…In 2012, Ghana began shedding load because of power supply deficit. The immediate cause of the load shedding was the rapture in August 2012 of portions of the West African Gas Pipeline by the anchor of a ship in Togo [1][2][3][4][5]. The West African Gas Pipeline is a 678 km pipeline that transports gas from Escravos-Lagos in Nigeria to Benin, Togo, and terminates at Takoradi in Ghana (Figure 1), and it is designed to transport 800 MMscfd of natural gas [5][6][7].…”